Eubios News in Bioethics & Biotechnology

Eubios News in Bioethics & Biotechnology - Nov. 2000

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 10 (2000), 188-202.

Comments are written in text form together with recent references. This list continues from the last issue of EJAIBand will continue. The full list of news (OLD = 1991-1993; NEW = 1994+) is available on-line topic-by-topic, at: http://eubios.info/NBB.html

Abbreviations

News in Bioethics & Biotechnology

Comments are written in text form together with recent references. This list continues from the last issue of EJAIB and will continue. This list is available on-line topic-by-topic, at:
http://eubios.info/NBB.html

Genetic Engineering of Plants
A review on edible vaccines is SA (2000), 66-71. Production of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants for oral immunization is reported in NatBio 18 (2000), 1167-71. A review of the use of plants as bioreactors is GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 62, 66, 86; Giddings, G. et al. “Transgenic plants as factories for biopharmaceuticals, NatBio 18 (2000), 1151-6. A review of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) from 1992 - 2000 has been published, (No. 19, ISAAA 24pp.). On use of biotechnology for sweet potato, Everyman's Science 34 (2000), 185-7. A new variety of sweet potato enriched in beta carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, could help eradicate blindness and disease in Africa, BMJ 321 (2000), 786. Starch grains have revealed native American populations had milling stones with maize starch about 5-7,000 years ago, Nature 407 (2000), 894-7; Nature 408 (2000), 145-6, 190-3.

A review on the horticultural development of Australian native edible plants is Aust. J. Botany 48 (2000), 417-26. There is a need to have people eat alternative foods, NS (2 Sept. 2000), 3. Crop strength can be obtained through diversity, Nature 406 (2000), 681-2; Science 289 (2000), 1122-3. Projections on the future needs for rice and cereals are in Science 290 (2000), 279-80. Detoxifying desert sweet peas is now possible, Science News 158 (2000), 74-6.

Plant genome complexity may be a limiting factor for gene transfer, AEM 66 (2000), 4161-7. A gene FRIGIDA has been found to be a determinant of natural variation in flowering, Science 290 (2000), 344-7. The complete genome sequence of Arabidopsis is almost finished, Science 290 (2000), 32-4. A gene that regulates maturing of grains may have been isolated in Australia, Nature 407 (2000), 826. On the conversion of crops into grains, Nature 408 (2000), 39-40. A gene that helps make caffeine has been isolated, which is one step in the process to make de-caffeinated tea and coffee, Science News 158 (2000), 149. Metabolic engineering of plant carotenoids is discussed in Trends in Plant Sciences 5 (2000), 406-9. Transgenic plants expressing cationic peptide chimeras exhibit broad-spectrum resistance to phytopathogens have been made, NatBio 18 (2000), 1162-6. Transient calcium influx is required for pathogen defense, Plant Cell 12 (2000), 1425-40. In the USA the plant knapweed may use chemicals to inhibit other plants growth from the roots, Science 290 (2000), 421-2.

In general on helping Africa grow enough food, Science 289 (2000), 1685, 2281-3. Development of salt resistant plants is reported in NS (9 Sept. 2000), 9. Molecular markers have been used to investigate the genetic structure of an oil palm breeding program, Heredity 85 (2000), 288-93. The fears that non eaten parts of plants could contain new substances affecting the ecological breakdown of plant wastes are discussed in NS (23 Sept. 2000), 9. On accumulation of plants to freezing temperatures, Plant, Cell & Environment 23 (2000), 893-902.

Genetic Engineering of Animals
Researchers in Scotland and Japan have cloned cows by nuclear transfer, Onishi, A. et al. “Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei”, Science 289 (2000), 1188-90, 1118-9, 1886-7; Polejaeva, IA. Et al. “Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells”, Nature 407 (2000), 86-90; Betthauser, J. et al. “Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems, NatBio 18 (2000), 1055-9, 1144-5. The cloning of mice to six generations has been reported, Nature 407 (2000), 318-9. A book review of The Second Creation is BMJ 321 (2000), 966. A cloned cow has been auctioned at US$82,000 in the USA, NS (14 Oct. 2000), 21.

The environmental and economic issues of shrimp farming are considered in Everyman's Science 34 (2000), 200-2.

Gene targeting in animals is reviewed in NatBio 18 (1999), 928-9; NatGen 26 (2000), 159-61; NS (30 Sept. 2000), 32-6; (4 Nov. 2000), 52-55. Building a disease-fighting mosquito is reported in Science 290 (2000), 440-1. A knockdown gene experiment in zebrafish is reported in NatGen 26 (2000, 129-30, 159-61.

Mitochondrial disease can now better be studied after the paper, Inoue, K. et al. “Generation of mice with mitochondrial dysfunction by introducing mouse mtDNA carrying a deletion into zygotes”, NatGen 26 (2000), 176-82, 132-4. A mouse model for myotonic dystrophy has been made, Science 289 (2000), 1769-72. Research using rats on hypocretins that control waking and sleeping, and narcolepsy, is described in NatMed. 6 (2000), 991-7; Nature 407 (2000), 554-6; Neuron 27 (2000), 415-8. Genes that modify ataxin-1 induced neurodegeneration have been described in Drosophila, Nature 408 (2000), 101-6. Reduced pain behaviour is reported in P2Xs-deficient mice, Nature 407 (2000), 1011-5.

The use of mice with altered cytochrome P450 to study metabolism of toxins are reported in Nature 407 (2000), 852-3, 920-3. Extension of life-span with superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics is reported in worms in Science 289 (2000), 1567-9. Oocyte apoptosis is suppressed by disruption of the acid sphingomyelinase gene, NatMed. 6 (2000), 1109+. Telomerase-deficient mice with short telomeres are resistant to skin tumorigenesis, NatGen 26 (2000), 114-7. A transactivation deficient mouse has been made, NatGen 26 (2000), 37-43. Increased bone formation is seen in mice overexpressing transcription factor Fra-1, NatMed. 6 (2000), 980-5. A mice with skin abnormalities by controlled mutation is reported in Nature 407 (2000), 633-6.

Designer Molecules
A living semiconductor, half microchip and half bacteria, could be a useful biosensors, NS (12 Aug. 2000), 7. The challenges of in silico biology are discussed in NatBio 18 (2000), 1147-50. On the meaning of life, BioScience 50 (2000), 245-9. The microorganisms found in clouds are discussed in NS (26 Aug. 2000), 4.

The origin of polypeptides is discussed in BioScience 50 (2000), 15-20. A 21st amino acid has been found, selenocysteine that is coded by a stop codon UGA in some circumstances, Nature 407 (2000), 463-5. The ribosome has been found to function as a ribozyme, Science 289 (2000), 878-9; Science News 158 (2000), 100.

Methods for screening anti-infective biomaterials are discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 1053-60.

Biotechnology & the Public
The first issue of a new journal Int. J. Risk Assessment and Management 1 (2000), 1-180, includes papers on nuclear .risk perceptions, and on different technologies. On agriculture, Huirne, RBM. et al. "Risk and risk management in agriculture: an Overview and empirical results", IJRAM 1 (2000), 125-36. A book review of Risk Communication and Public Health is BMJ 321 (2000), 1026. The UK is planning to spend 25 million pounds on a shield from space objects, Sunday Times (17 Sept. 2000), 3. In the UK there is discussion on how to make for better government inquiries, BMJ 321 (2000), 715-6.

A review of how better decisions may be made through science is SA (Oct. 2000), 82-7. A series of papers from the BioEd 2000 conference held in Paris in May 2000 are in Biology International 39 (July 2000), 1-55. A report from teaching bioscience ethics in India is Pollard, I. "Bioscience ethics - Australian and Indian students are of like mind", AIBA Newslink 3 (No. 5, 2000), 1-2. A project to improve bioethics literacy in Argentina is Alphaciencia, contact: Email: infor@alphaciencia.org. Education of science teachers is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1454-5, 290 (2000), 273; and on science education, Science 289 (2000), 713; Nature 407 (2000), 287-90; Newsweek (9 Oct. 2000), 54. Evolution in schools is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 869-71.

Two papers on biotechnology and ethics are Midgley, M. "Biotechnology and monstrosity. Why we should pay attention to the "Yuk Factor"", HCR 30 (Sept. 2000), 7-15; Kaebnick, GE. "On the sanctity of nature", HCR 30 (Sept. 2000), 16-23. They both argue in support of the popular belief that people have that genetic engineering may go too far. The use of genetic engineering or technology for art is discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 668-70. Public opinion is discussed in NatBio 18 (2000), 905.

A book review of Voodoo Science is Nature 407 (2000), 17-8. A book review of Kuhn, T. A Philosophical History of Our Times (University of Chicago Press 2000), is SA (Sept. 2000), 104-5. See also BMJ 321 (2000), 1027.

Regulation & Field Trials of GMOs
A paper that shows farmer use is important is Watkinson, AR. Et al. “Predictions of biodiversity response to genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops”, Science 289 (2000), 1554-7, 1481-2. The question of whether GM crops can be made more acceptable by modifying genes within the same crop is discussed in Science 290 (2000), 253-4. There is still much questioning of the precautionary principle, Nature 407 (2000), 551. The recent claim in the UK is that skylarks are being affected by herbicide tolerant crops, however their numbers have been declining for decades so it is not clear it is related, NS (9 Sept. 2000), 3.

Herbicide tolerant sugarbeet have accidentally acquired genes for resistance to another, showing that genes can move, NS (21 Oct. 2000), 6. Discussion of the issues of growing GM crops is in NS (21 Oct. 2000), 66-9; (28 Oct. 2000), 4-5. A crop of maize that will not breed with others may be useful for organic farmers who wish to avoid crossing with GM varieties, NS (21 Oct. 2000), 6. One step to overcome fears against GM plants is Iamtham, S. & Day, A. “Removal of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic tobacco plastids”, NatBio 18 (2000), 1172-6. Critics slam new Monarch Bt-corn data, NatBio 18 (2000), 1025, 1030; Tul, J. et al. “Field performance of transgenic elite commercial hybrid rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis ―endotoxin”, NatBio 18 (2000), 1108-12.

A GM virus that infects rabbits in the second generation has been made in Spain, NS (Sept. 2000), 21. The global spread of microorganisms by ships is discussed in Nature 408 (2000), 49. Microbes exchange many genes, Science News 158 (2000), 60-1. Transposons help reshape genomes, Science 289 (2000), 1455-7. On the value of sexual reproduction, NS (9 Sept. 2000), 51; Science 290 (2000), 331-3. A selfish gene repetitive element has been found in Rickettsia, Science 290 (2000), 347-50.

Discussion on biowarfare defense is in JAMA 284 (2000), 945-8; Lancet 356 (2000), 1128-9, 1179-82. Also on bioweapons, NatBio 18 (2000), 1125. Colombia is considering using a fungus as a tool against coca, New York Times (6 July 2000). There have been threats from drug cartels who suffered loss of poppies in Afghanistan that new fungi that kill Western crop plants are being developed in retaliation, Science 290 (2000), 246.

Vaccines & Diseases
There are efforts to develop a vaccine to West Nile virus, boosted by the exposure of the US population to the virus now, GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 3, 85; NatMed. 6 (2000), 947. Vaccination to prevent pneumococcal disease is reported in Lancet 356 (2000), 1210-1; and in general MJA 173 (2000), S20-60. On the final stages of global eradication of polio, NEJM 343 (2000), 806-7; Lancet 356 (2000), 1487-8. Results of a trial on intravenous polio vaccine in Oman suggest it is very effective, NEJM 343 (2000), 767-73. Japanese studies suggest there is still a risk of polio while live virus is used as a vaccine, Lancet 356 (2000), 1461-3. A review on when a disease is able to be eradicated is AJPH 90 (2000), 1515-20. The ethics of sanctions that affect childhood immunization is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 2056-7. Refuting refusals of vaccination are discussed inCMAJ 163 (2000), 801. Social responsibility of vaccines is discussed in Monist 60 (1977), 81-95.

A booster for Hib vaccination in the UK may not be needed, JAMA 284 (2000), 2334-40. Hib vaccine does not lead to diabetes risk, JAMA 284 (2000), 2307-8. Against a link between MMR vaccine and autism, Lancet 356 (2000), 772, 1273. Rotavirus vaccine is supported for use in developing countries if risks are high, BMJ 321 (2000), 525; however it may be linked to diabetes risk, NS (12 Aug. 2000), 4. In general on support for immunization, Lancet 356 (2000), 1459-60. A needle free powder delivery vehicle for immunization is described in NatMed. 6 (2000), 1187-90.

It is possible that US scientists may have worsened a measles epidemic in the Amazon in the 1960s by administering a live vaccine, Lancet 356 (2000), 1247. The question of whether measles eradication will be soon is discussed in AJPH 90 (2000), 1521-5. Designer cancer vaccines are discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 966-8, 1011-7. In Israel a drug company is paying for commercials for chicken pox vaccination, BMJ 321 (2000), 656. A US report suggests there are conflicts of interest in vaccine approval, Lancet 356 (2000), 838. In general on infectious disease, Nature 406 (2000), 759-803.

The question of whether to give powerful antibiotics to patients in regular care or only for emergencies is discussed in NS (14 Oct. 2000), 16-7. Antibiotics affects degradation of pig manure, Bioresource Technology 75 (2000), 205-11. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance should be improved, Nature 407 (2000), 437. There are questions whether tea tree oil can prevent MRSA, MJA 173 (2000), 489. A peptde pyrrhococcin from an insect may be a new weapon against bacteria, NS (4 Nov. 2000), 17. Honey can also be useful, NS (7 Oct. 2000), 32-5. The choice of cleaning agent can have a significant effect on the persistence of Clostridium difficile in hospitals, Lancet 356 (2000), 1324. Skin may be the best place for hospital bugs to grow, on sweat, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 6.

A call for people with extreme gastroenteritis from playing contact sports is made in NEJM 343 (2000), 1223-7. A US study suggests rabies postexposure prophlylaxis treatment is often given when inappropriate, JAMA 284 (2000), 1001-7.

On genetic susceptibility to disease, BMJ 321 (2000), 1061-5. Genetic predisposition to clinical TB is reviewed in AJHG 67 (2000), 274-7. A South African mining study suggests ongoing transmission of TB from resistant individual cases is a substantial infection route, Lancet 356 (2000), 1066-71. Processing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis medical waste ca lead to infection, JAMA 284 (2000), 1683-8. Nucleic acid tests for TB are discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 826. There is research to develop a new TB vaccine, NatMed. 6 (2000), 955-60; also on drugs, NS (19 Aug. 2000), 13; (30 Sept. 2000), 18; Science 289 (2000), 1123-5; Nature 406 (2000), 670-3.

Ebola has been killing people again in Ghana, BMJ 321 (2000), 1037; Lancet 356 (2000), 1499. Also on Ebola, JAMA 284 (2000), 1371; NS (28 Oct. 2000), 17. Generally influenza vaccination is not cost effective in adults under 65 years according to a UK study, JAMA 284 (2000), 1655-63. There is research on recovering some of the 1918 Spanish flu virus in order to develop a vaccine, NS (14 Oct. 2000), 28-31. Human diseases are threatening great apes, Science 289 (2000), 1277-8. Hunting and logging are linked to emerging infectious diseases, Lancet 356 (2000), 1173.

Malaria is predicted to spread more in a warmer world, Science 289 (2000), 1763-6; Science 289 (2000), 1697-8. Papers on malaria include NatMed. 6 (2000), 941; Science 289 (2000), 428-38; Nature 406 (2000), 949-50. A DNA vaccine is under trial in Gambia, Nature 407 (2000), 280. Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes can interfere with developing parasites, Nature 407 (2000), 961-2.

France is now facing a BSE epidemic, with maybe 0.15% of cows in France being infected, Nature 407 (2000), 122; NS (28 Oct. 2000), 6. The latest estimate of deaths by vCJD in the UK is thought to be 136,000 people, BMJ 321 (2000), 469; Science 289 (2000), 849, 1452-4, 1663-6. In the UK an apparent case of mother to fetal transmission of CJD has been reported, Times (18 Sept. 2000), 11; Lancet 356 (2000), 1085. On childhood cases of variant CJD, Lancet 356 (2000), 1224-7. Blood transfusion in sheep transmits BSE, Lancet 356 (2000), 955-6, 999-100; BMJ 321 (2000), 721; NS (23 Sept. 2000), 6. Having healthy carriers will increase risk of spread of CJD, Lancet 356 (2000), 833. In the USA from 1979 to 1998 4751 deaths were ascribed to CJD, JAMA 284 (2000), 2322-3. The FDA has said bovine based vaccines are safe, JAMA 284 (2000), 1231-2. Scrapie is reviewed in Proc. Roy. S. London 267 (2000), 2029-35. In general on mechanism of prion disease, Science 289 (2000), 1925-8; Nature 407 (2000), 457-8, 477-83. There may be some other factor in addition to mutated prion to develop prion disease, NS (2 Sept. 2000), 11. The lessons from the UK BSE inquiry are discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 929, 932; 408 (2000), 1, 3-5; NS (4 Nov. 2000), 3-9.

AIDS & Sexually Transmitted Diseases
On ethics in HIV vaccine research, BME 160 (2000), 4-6. Independent studies have found no chimp DNA in the polio vaccines used in Africa which had been one possibility for an origin of HIV virus, JAMA 284 (2000), 1777; NS (16 Sept. 2000), 4-5; Science 289 (2000), 1140-1, 1850-1; Lancet 356 (2000), 1005; Nature 407 (2000), 117, 941. A new theory is that penicillin injections caused AIDS, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 16-7. A general paper on contamination of polio vaccines with viruses is J. Biological Education 31 (1997), 269-73. On trials of new potential HIV vaccines, Science 290 (2000), 463-5, 486-92; NatMed. 6 (2000), 951-5; Lancet 356 (2000), 1416; JAMA 284 (2000), 683, 1915; BMJ 321 (2000), 591, 787. On acquired immunity to malaria related to HIV, Lancet 356 (2000), 1046, 1051-6; and resistance to HIV, NEJM 343 (2000), 1263-5. People who have scrub typhus seem to have reduced HIV levels, Science 289 (2000), 1278.

Preventing vertical transmission of HIV is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 803-5, 982-91, 1036-7; BMJ 321 (2000), 915. Breast feeding in women with HIV is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 956-7; BMJ 321 (2000), 963. A survey of UK GP attitudes to antenatal HIV testing is BMJ 321 (2000), 934. Mother to child transmission of herpesvirus 8 is a major infection route in cases with familial aggregation, Lancet 356 (2000), 1062-5. A vaccine has been developed to help babies combat herpes, NS (23 Sept. 2000), 8. In sheep a DNA vaccine has been used to immunize fetal lambs, Science News 158 (2000), 116. Probably vertical hepatitis C transmission occurs mainly around delivery time, Lancet 356 (2000), 904-7. On transfusion as a source of hepatitis C, NatMed. 6 (2000), 1082-6; AJPH 90 (2000), 1562-9. In the UK victims are suing the government, BMJ 321 (2000), 978. Unsafe needles are spreading hepatitis, NS (21 Oct. 2000), 11. On needle exchange, AJPH 90 (2000), 1385-95; JAMA 284 (2000), 1229. Homosexual men have risk of hepatitis B infection if they are no vaccinated, AJPH 90 (2000), 1570-4.

A study of character growth while living with HIV is SSM 51 (2000), 1543-54. Book reviews of Allen, PLA. The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present (Univ. Chicago Press 2000, 202pp.) are in Nature 407 (2000), 943; NEJM 343 (2000), 1127.

Anonymous HIV testing in persons with TB in London found 11% had HIV, Lancet 356 (2000), 1488-9. Genotypic resistance can be screened for selecting HIV therapy, JAMA 284 (2000), 1649-50. Abnormal left heart structure predicts early childhood death from HIV, Lancet 356 (2000), 1172. Drug resistant HIV is rising in the UK, Nature 407 (2000), 120; NS (30 Sept. 2000), 10. Austria is investigating tainted blood exports, Lancet 356 (2000), 920. The USA maintains a ban on homosexual men as blood donors, BMJ 321 (2000), 722.

Further calls for HIV prevention have been made in the USA, Lancet 356 (2000), 1252. A book review on the Asian situation is Lancet 356 (2000), 776. From June 25-27, 2001 the UN General Assembly will have a conference on AIDS. There is still inaccurate knowledge n HIV and AIDS that affects prevention, SSM 50 (2000), 1267-78; BMJ 321 (2000), 772; Lancet 356 (2000), 746, 1090, 1204; Nature 407 (2000), 286, 822; NS (4 Nov. 2000), 13; Newsweek (28 Aug. 2000), 42-5. On the use of Internet samples for HIV research, SSM 51 (2000), 749-58. A discussion of AIDS drugs for Africa is SA (Nov. 2000), 98-103; BMJ 321 (2000), 1038. A spermicide COL-1492, called Advantage S, may increase HIV transmission, JAMA 284 (2000), 949. In general on drug treatment for HIV infection, NatMed. 6 (2000), 1094-5. Kenya researchers have protested being left off an AIDS vaccine patent application, Nature 408 (2000), 6.

Microbes & Pollution Remedies
The trends for more use of bioremediation are discussed in Science 289 (2000), 2266-7. The expression of sfp gene and hydrocarbon degradation are discussed in Biotechnology Letters 22 (2000), 1431-6. The use of Lux genes to report environmental contamination is reviewed in Everyman's Science 34 (2000), 179-82.

Engineering bacterial biopolymers for biosorption of heavy metals is reviewed in Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnology 54 (2000), 451-60. On the composition of mercury-reducing biofilms, AEM 66 (2000), 4559-63. More than 60,000 children are born in the USA each year with neurodevelopmental impairments caused by methylmercury, Science News 158 (2000), 77. Choice of water management affects mercury levels, EST 34 (2000), 4058-63. In general on reducing mercury emissions, EST 34 (2000), 378-9A. Biodegradation of nylon oligomers is discussed in Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnology 54 (2000), 461-6.

Environmental Issues
On the causes of malformations in frogs, Probe 8 (1 Oct. 2000), 1, 5-7. Book reviews of Krimsky, S. Hormonal Chaos: The Scientific and Social Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis (John Hopkins Univ. Press 2000) are BMJ 321 (2000), 516; JAMA 284 (2000), 2380. Mothers who eat a large amount of shellfish during pregnancy may give birth to children with neurodevelopmental problems due to methylmercury or PCBs, EST 34 (2000), 410-1A. Trends over the past 60 years in DDT and PCBs in the Baltic sediments are reviewed in Ambio 29 (2000), 195-201. Watershed losses of agrochemicals are discussed in EST 34 (2000), 3307-14, 3315-22. On DDT, Lancet 356 (2000), 1189-91. The availability of PAHs and PCBs to earthworms is studied in EST 34 (2000), 4335-40. On the land-water interface, Ecological Applications 10 (2000), 939-1056. On the dangers of Alaskan oil pipelines to earthquakes, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 21. On ecosystem evasion and health following a landslide of waste in the Philippines, CMAJ 163 (2000), 489.

Pesticide use appears to be one causative factor in development of Parkinson’s disease, Nature 408 (2000), 125. On the risks of mild pesticide exposure, Lancet 356 (2000), 912. Lobsters have died due to New York’s over use of pesticides, NS (12 Aug. 2000), 11. Food poisoning bacteria may thrive in certain pesticides, NS (7 Oct. 2000), 20.

The risks to human health of environmental change are discussed in NS (4 Nov. 2000), 56-7. Temperature is one risk factor, BMJ 321 (2000), 650-1, 670-3; and other climatic extremes, Science 289 (2000), 2053-5, 2068-73. Increased carbon dioxide increases growth of ragweed, a common allergenic plant, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 27 (1000), 893-8. The use of climate forecasts in the Ethiopian food crisis is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1693-4. Public health impacts of air pollution are large, Lancet 356 (2000), 782-3, 795-801; Science 290 (2000), 453, 711; maybe causing 3% of all developmental problems, NS (23 Sept. 2000), 14. It can occur transPacific, Science 290 (2000), 65-6. On waste incineration, EST 34 (2000), 380-7A. The environmental factors in disease in Nigeria are discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 1473-89. The European Union has set new levels on ozone level exposure, Lancet 356 (2000), 1419. In pinetrees ozone exposure interacts with UV-B radiation, Plant, Cell & Environment 23 (2000), 975-82. Ozone may cause crop damage in China, Ambio 29 (2000), 294-301. There is a human health link to perchlorate, EST 34 (200), 374-5A. In general on toxic chemicals, Science 289 (2000), 1883. On ethics of public health practice, Issues in Medical Ethics 8 (2000), 111-8.

Policies for environment in EU are discussed in EST 34 (2000), 388-93A. Economics of ecological sustainability are discussed in BioScience 50 (2000), 149-54, 311-2, 321-31, 339-44. The Ecologist Report (Sept. 2000), 58pp. is on whether the World Bank, IMF and WTO help the poor. Papers on agroindustrialization are discussed in Agricultural Economics 23 (2000), 195-310. The question of whether the business ties affect environmentalists who work with business is discussed in Ecologist 30 (2000), 20-3. The gagging of environmental activists in Russia is discussed in NS (23 Sept. 2000), 6. There is still growth in environmental studies, BioScience 50 (2000), 509-16. There are still threats from acidification, Nature 407 (2000), 856-7. Arsenic pollution in Bangladesh from water may be lessened by more shallow wells, SA (Sept. 2000), 22. On eutrophication, Ambio 29 (2000), 183-99.

Equity and greenhouse gas responsibility are discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1293, 2287. There are new concerns that warming is happening faster then forecast, Nature 408 (2000), 10. There are concerns that the Kyoto Protocol may not work, NS (26 Aug. 2000), 3, 18-9; Science 289 (2000), 2058-9; Nature 407 (2000), 7, 571-2. Fourteen Latin American countries have signed up for carbon trading, Nature 408 (2000), 128. Canada has announced its plans to spend US$330 million over the next 5 years to help reach the targets, Nature 407 (2000), 824. There are concerns over the melting at the North Pole, Time (4 Sept. 2000), 46-50; Nature 406 (2000), 821; also pp.689-90. In Tokyo the increased rain may be due to the effects of a heat island, NS (23 Sept. 2000), 10. A 60 million year old record of carbon dioxide levels is discussed in Nature 406 (2000), 693-70; also Nature 407 (2000), 851-2, 859-69. Carbon cycle feedbacks may accelerate global warming, Nature 408 (2000), 184-7. Also on warming, Nature 407 (2000), 10-2; 408 (2000), 155-6, 449-50; Science 290 (2000), 35-7. On plankton and carbon sequestation, Nature 407 (2000), 143-4, 364-7; NS (16 Sept. 2000), 10.

Protests in Europe at high fuel prices may make people look for alternatives, NS (23 Sept. 2000), 3. The first commercial wave energy generator has begun in Scotland, NS (23 Sept. 2000), 16-7. Cars which use less energy are discussed in SA (Oct. 2000), 99-102. Magnesium batteries are discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 681-2. A microwave based device to reduce harmful emissions from cars is described in NS (7 Oct. 2000), 11. A desert fridge is reviewed in SA (Nov. 2000), 26; NS (30 Sept. 2000), 14. The release of CFCs to create warming on Mars are discussed in NS (Sept. 2000), 22.

NASA has encountered a record ozone hole over the Antarctic, Nature 407 (2000), 122. UV selection is related to human skin colour, Science 289 (2000), 1461. Chemists are trying to find alternatives to noxious solvents, Nature 407 (2000), 938-10.

The writings of Wordsworth and romantic poets show the sensitivity towards the environment, Ecologist 30 (2000), 36-9. The real nature of the environment in Africa is discussed in NS (12 Aug. 2000), 30-3. A report from the creation of an artificial landscape-scale fishery in the Bolivian Amazon made 12,000 years ago is Nature 408 (2000), 190-3. The question whether scientists should intentionally manipulate environmental cycles is discussed in EST 34 (2000), 423-30A. Salting clouds can lead to rain, Science 289 (2000), 2263-4. A book review on 20^th century environmental change is Nature 407 (2000), 674-5. Gaia is discussed in Nature 406 (2000), 685-6.

Biodiversity
Bioprospecting is discussed in Int. J. Biotechnology 2 (2000), 132-44. A deal betweeen Novartis and BioAmazonia in which microbes will be prospected from the Amazon is discussed in Ecologist 30 (2000), 8. In particular from sea sponges, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 19. Pricing of ecosystems is reviewed in BioScience 50 (2000), 347-54; and on values of wetlands, Ecological Economics 35 (2000), 1-30; Science 289 (2000), 1860-3. Cash to save biodiversity has been targetted to hotspots, Nature 406 (2000), 818. In general on defining the targets for conservation, Applied Vegetation Science 3 (2000), 3-72; BioScience 50 (2000), 441-9; Science 289 (2000), 51, 1875. On conservation, BioScience 50 (2000), 133-44; NS (23 Sept. 2000), 44-5; Science 289 (2000), 2289; Newsweek (25 Sept. 2000), 54; Nature 407 (2000), 683-4. Indian vulture decline is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1679; NS (30 Sept. 2000), 5. The question of how much data is enough for policy formation is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1282-3.

Global warming is the main threat to coral reefs, Nature 407 (2000), 932. Against cyanide fishing see Nature 408 (2000), 8-9. It is also a threat to many terrestrial species, Nature 407 (2000), 121. Overfishing is the main threat to fish species, Science 289 (2000), 876-7; Nature 406 (2000), 882-5; 407 (2000), 837-8. Dams are a threat to salmon in the USA, and there are questions on whether to breach dams or not, Science 289 (2000), 716-9. Trout in New Zealand are getting more clever on avoiding fishermen, NS (26 Aug. 2000), 6. A case of otters which are endangered migrating to a no otter zone is reported in Science 289 (2000), 1271-2. On environmental stress as an evolutionary force, BioScience 50 (2000), 217-25; and on species evolution, Science 289 (2000), 288-90, 462-3, 516-8; 1557-60; BioScience 50 (2000),7-12, 501-7; Nature 407 (2000), 689-90, 962. Life in extremes is discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 132.

Possibility to clone endangered or extinct species is discussed in Newsweek (23 Oct. 2000), 50-1; SA (Nov. 2000), 84-9; NS (14 Oct. 2000), 5; NatBio 18 (2000), 1129. A cloned gaur is being carried by a surrogate mother cow, Nature 407 (2000), 666. In Moscow the DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology faced having electricity shut off because of electricity debts, which would detroy its virus collection, Nature 407 (2000), 5. Immunocontraception of African elephants is debated in Nature 407 (2000), 149. The Millennium Seedbank in the UK plans to store seeds from 10% of the world’s seed plants, Science 289 (2000), 1461.

Two thirds of Europe’s forests are damaged, NS (28 Oct. 2000), 6; and US forests are also damaged, Nature 408 (2000), 135-6. On rain forest conservation review, Science 289 (2000), 1471-4; and on tropical forests, TREE 15 (2000), 332-7; Ambio 29 (2000), 302-9, 322-8. China has a new forest ploicy, Science 289 (2000), 2049-50. A global ecosystem survey is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1676-7. There are efforts to make 2001, International Biodiversity Observation Year, an important one, BioScience 50 (2000), 103-7. A global biodiversity map is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 2279, 2305-16. Amateur conservationist may be killing off frogs, NS (2 Sept. 2000), 14. Some biologists face danger themselves by working in conflict areas, Science News 158 (2000), 78-9.

Animal Rights
The number of animals used for transgenic experiments in the UK in 1999 rose 14% to 512,000, Nature 406 (2000), 821. On the use of transgenic animals in testing, Splice 6 (Sept. 2000), 8-9. A call to include mice and birds in the US Animal welfare Act as "animals" is made in Orlans, FB. "The injustice of excluding laboratory rats, mice, and birds from the Animal Welfare Act", KIEJ 10 (2000), 229-38. Also on the exclusion of rodents, NS (9 Sept. 2000), 12-3; Nature 407 (2000), 549, 659; Science 289 (2000), 23, 243-4. Indian rules on animal experiments have been tightened, Lancet 356 (2000), 1421. The question of laws versus guidelines is debated in Nature 408 (2000), 133, 675-6. The experiments should be well designed anyway otherwise they will be a waste, Nature 407 (2000), 671.

A paper on positive correlation between good relations and productivity is seen in Hemsworth, PH. Et al. “Relationships between human-animal interactions and productivity of commercial dairy cows”, J. Animal Science 78 (2000), 2821-31. The effect of hut design on pigs is assessed in J. Animal Science 78 (2000), 2832-5. The violent attacks by activists in the UK are intimidating many researchers, Nature 407 (2000), 3. The question of eating fish before meat because of the ecological situation of tuna, Ecologist 30 (2000), 46.

The power of memes is discussed in SA (Oct. 2000), 64-72; Philosophy 75 (2000), 161-82. On consciousness, Nature 407 (2000), 450-1, 564; NS (2 Sept. 2000), 46-7. Human concept learning is discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 630-3. Humans may flirt like guppies, Science News 158 (2000), 143. Mice that win in a fight the day before are more likely to win the next day too, NS (19 Aug. 2000), 7. The concept of evolutionary progress is discussed in BioScience 50 (2000), 451-8. Databasing the brain is discussed in Nature 406 (2000), 822-5.

The rapid loss of minor languages in the world is discussed in NS (12 Aug. 2000), 16-7. Technology is also related to language, SA (Sept. 2000), 107, 110. Whistle matching in dolphins shows individual language, Janik, VM. “Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)”, Science 289 (2000), 1355-7, 1310-1. On the controversial decision of japan to start killing more whales, Science 289 (2000), 2264-5. The noise in the Arctic may create a problem for some whales, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 12. On animal built structures, Science 289 (2000), 1882.

Chimpanzees in Madrid have started to puree their food to prepare it, NS (Sept. 2000), 6. Chimp knowledge is discussed in NS (14 Oct. 2000), 39-42. Love is discussed in NS (28 Oct. 2000), 38-41. Motivations for generosity are discussed in Science 290 (2000), 454-5. On the role of sex in human behaviour, Science 289 (2000), 1478-9. Human pheromones are discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 835; NS (2 Sept. 2000), 7. Book reviews of Robo sapeins. Evolution of a New Species are NS (16 Sept. 2000), 51; SA (Oct. 2000), 96-8. Artificial life is discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 945-6.

There is evidence of cannibalism in Southwestern USA, Nature 407 (2000), 25-6, 74-8; Science 289 (2000), 1663. A book review on Forest of Taboos is Science 289 (2000), 2288.

Safety of Recombinant DNA Products
There is pressure in the UK for the government to provide interferon to MS patients since large doses at the beginning of diagnosis may delay its progress, Times (25 Sept. 2000), 4; BMJ 321 (2000), 851. On the role of gamma interferon in arthritis, Lancet 356 (2000), 783-4, 820. There is debate over whether interferon is useful for Behcet’s disease, Lancet 356 (2000), 1292, 1351-52. On risks of Gaucher disease treatment, Lancet 356 (2000), 1353-4.

Recombinant rBPI21 is useful as an adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis, Lancet 356 (2000), 954, 961-7. A trial of human nerve growth factor did not find a significant benefit for diabetic polyneuropathy, JAMA 284 (2000), 2215-21. Long-term growth hormone treatment of children with chronic renal failure can allow them to achieve normal height, NEJM 343 (2000), 923-30. However growth hormone supplements may shorten lives, NS (4 Nov. 2000), 12. The tests for growth hormone deficiency are discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1125, 1137-42. Low production of growth hormone is linked with risk of depression, Lancet 356 (2000), 1087. However sleep disorders do not inhibit growth hormone production, Lancet 356 (2000), 1408. Combination treatments may be useful for cancer prevention, NatMed. 6 (2000), 974-5. Bacteria that produce cytokines may be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease, BMJ 321 (2000), 530. Four children with Pompe’s disease being treated with an enzyme produced by rabbits are having the protein switched to a bacterial made product, NS (14 Oct. 2000), 14.

An edible potato vaccine against Norwalk virus has been made, Science News 158 (2000), 54. Immunotherapy of tumours with xenogeneic endothelial cells as a vaccine is reported in NatMed. 6 (2000), 1160-6. On recombinant DNA vaccines and therapeutics, Lancet 356 (2000), 1438.

High plasma level of factor VIII is a risk factor for venous thromoembolism, NEJM 343 (2000), 457-62. Haemopoiesis by growth factors is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1325-6. The European Parliament is raising awareness for patients with rare diseases, Lancet 356 (2000), 1504.

Genes and athletic performance are discussed in SA (Sept. 2000), 48-55; Nature 407 (2000), 131-2. The question of drug abuse at the Olympics is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1008, 1122, 1171; Nature 407 (2000), 115, 124-7; NS (16 Sept. 2000), 3, 44-9.

Food safety
There is concern over the non-approved GM corn variety found in tacos, New York Times (23 Sept. 2000), B1, 15; (30 Sept. 2000), B11, B14; NS (7 Oct. 2000), 3, 6; BMJ 321 (2000), 1041; Nature 407 (2000), 438; NatBio 18 (2000), 1136―7. Japan bound US corn will be tested by Japanese officials from November, 2000; Nature 407 (2000), 126. Claims that the US dumped GM food in food aid for Orissa, India were made by BBC (3 June 2000). On Australian and New Zealand GM food labeling, NatBio 18 (2000), 911. There has been controversy in the Philippines, Science 289 (2000), 1279-80. In the UK protestors are saying that McDonalds is feeding GM-fed feed beef, BBC (19 Nov. 2000). In China however recent licenses for GM plants include for cotton, tomatoes, peppers; and for flowers ― petunias; AgWeb (15 Nov. 2000).

A paper on the impact of food safety guidelines on transgenics in Spanish is Eidon 5 (Oct 2000), 74-9. A negative view on GM food safety is Int. J. Biotechnology 2 (2000), 231-8. California may enact a new law that would place a charge on sales of GM rice varieties to cover the cost of segregating, Ram's Horn 184 (Oct. 2000), 3. In general on GM food, Ram's Horn 184 (Oct. 2000), 4-6; Proteus 17 (2000), 3-8; Ecologist 30 (Sept. 2000), 11, 54-6; NS (28 Oct. 2000), 3; Nature 407 (2000), 431; Science 290 (2000), 457-9; Newsweek (9 Oct. 2000), 60.

A collection of news on whether soy is really good for people is Environment & Health News 16 (Summer 2000), 1, 7. Aging can be slowed by food restriction in C. elegans, Science 289 (2000), 2062-3, 2126-9. On food safety in general, Cereal Foods World 45 (2000), 169-72; Agricultural Economics 23 (2000), 231-40. Therapeutic manipulation of gut flora is reviewed in Science 289 (2000), 1311-2.

The relation of insulin, diabetes and obesity is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 2066-7; Lancet 356 (2000), 757-61, 834, 1454-5; NatMed. 6 (2000), 1092-3; NS (12 Aug. 2000), 3; Time (4 Sept. 2000), 51; Newsweek (11 Sept 2000), 36-43. Whole grain reduces risk of diabetes, AJPH 90 (2000), 1409-15. Reducing LDL cholesterol while still eating cake is debated in Lancet 356 (2000), 1006. Melanocortins are involved in body weight regulation, NatGen. 26 (2000), 8-9. Obesity surgery is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 523-4, 980; NS (16 Sept. 2000), 36-9. On Bulimia, Lancet 356 (2000), 949. A virus Ad-36 boosts fat in chickens and mice, Science News 158 (2000), 87. The health of the heart and food intake is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 867; NEJM 343 (2000), 530-7, 1305-11. Health and diabetes to Aborigines is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 1457-72. Low fat milk may have higher risk of contamination, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 11.

Community intervention to reduce alcohol use can reduce driving injuries, JAMA 284 (2000), 2341-7. The drug ondansetron can be used to prevent biologically predisposed patients from becoming alcoholic, JAMA 284 (2000), 963-71, 1016. On alcohol dependence, JAMA 284 (2000), 1016-7; and benefits of alcohol for life expectancy, MJA 173 (2000), 116-7, 121-4, 231-2. Fibre and calcium may reduce colorectal recurrence, Lancet 356 (2000), 1286, 1300-6. The question of why caffeine is in fizzy drinks is discussed in NS (19 Aug. 2000), 10. On caffeine and Parkinson’s disease, JAMA 284 (2000), 1378-9. Beriberi and white rice is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 588; Nature 407 (2000), 835-6

Disease Risks & Drugs
Whether zinc helps fight colds or not is debated in Science News 158 (2000), 155. A survey in India found time expired medicines contributed to 26 deaths in A Delhi hospital, BMJ 321 (2000), 590. On unapproved use of drugs, NEJM 343 (2000), 1125. A discussion of the pill ecstasy is Time (23 Nov. 2000), 42-8. Heroin prescription for addicts in Switzerland improves their QOL, Lancet 356 (2000), 1177. On opioid dependence, NEJM 343 (2000), 1332-3; NS (21 Oct. 2000), 23. Cannabis use has fallen among the Dutch youth, BMJ 321 (2000), 655. Medical use is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 979; Nature 407 (2000), 6, 18-9. Genetics of substance use disorders is discussed in AJMG 96 (2000), 585-699. A review of substance abuse in Croatia is Croatian Medical J. 41 (2000), 270-86.

On melatonins and sleep, NEJM 343 (2000), 114-6. Progress to improve memory is discussed in Time (30 Oct. 2000), 38-45. Ginkgo is not effective for memory loss in elderly patients, Lancet 356 (2000), 1333. A claim that drug trial design has led to stopping a clinical trial in Japan is Lancet 356 (2000), 1192-3. Statins are said to be under used, BMJ 321 (2000), 971-2. The UK drugs industry has set up a trials register, BMJ 321 (2000), 850. On adverse reactions, Lancet 356 (2000), 1255-9.

Parent groups have sued psychiatrists for promoting Ritalin that is meant to treat hyperactive children, BMJ 321 (2000), 723. A Duke University study attacks the overuse of stimulants in children, Science 289 (2000), 721; JAMA 284 (2000), 2043-4; MJA 173 (2000), 172-3; BMJ 321 (2000), 975-6. A book review of Manufacturing Victims: What the Psychology Industry is Doing to People is BMJ 321 (2000), 902. Phthalates are components of plastics that may harm developing boys, Science News 158 (2000), 152-4. Speech therapy of children is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 908-9. Exposure of children to other children or siblings reduces risk of asthma and wheezing, NEJM 343 (2000), 538-43, 574-5. Asthma, steriods and growth is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 113-4; Time (6 Nov. 2000), 68. Pediatric study of side effects of medicines has become mandatory in the USA, NatMed. 6 (2000), 1069. Antipsychotic drug use is a risk factor for venous thromoboembolism, Lancet 356 (2000), 1206, 1219-23. The 2000 Nobel Prize has gone to three researchers on the brain, NS (14 Oct. 2000), 7. There is an association between oestradiol concentration and cognitive decline prediction in women, Lancet 356 (2000), 694. There are some ideas that a slowdown in brain cell growth may be linked to depression, Science 289 (2000), 258-9. On depression medicines, MJA 173 (2000), 454-5. Maggot therapy is making a comeback, Lancet 356 (2000), 1174. Tamoxifen is useful to prevent breast cancer but it has some risk of endometrial cancer, Lancet 356 (2000), 868, 881-7.

The possibility of smoking genes is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 2271; and the first cigarette can hook some people, NS (26 Aug. 2000), 11. Women are more sensitive to nicotine, NS (7 Oct. 2000), 20. The biology of harm from smoking is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1499. Not only tar but a fungal mould in tobacco may harm health, NS (30 Sept. 2000), 18. Vitamin C may restore early coronary impairments in smoking, Lancet 356 (2000), 1007. Cessation of smoking reduces the risk of age-related cataracts in men, JAMA 284 (2000), 713-6. In general on harm, JAMA 284 (2000), 735-40. India is increasing its antismoking measures, Lancet 356 (2000), 1089. There is a high rate of smoking among indigenous Australians caused by smoking, MJA 173 (2000), 288-9, 301-4. Ireland has taken a strong position, Lancet 356 (2000), 1254. Worldwide control is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 750-3; Lancet 356 (2000), 1420. On US tobacco politics, BMJ 321 (2000), 967; JAMA 284 (2000), 697, 699-705, 706-12. Police in Hong Kong have a high exposure to smoke, JAMA 284 (2000), 756-63. Smoking may increase the risk of anxiety disorders in late adolescence and early adulthood, JAMA 284 (2000), 2348-51. Parents should make smoke-free homes, JAMA 284 (2000), 717-22. Reducing cigarette smuggling is still a serious problem, BMJ 321 (2000), 947-50. The question of whether scientific journals should publish research funded by the tobacco industry is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 1074-5.

Basic handwashing is important to reducing infectious disease, Lancet 356 (2000), 1290-1, 1307-12; NS (14 Oct. 2000), 21. Use of emergency defibrillation can save lives, NEJM 343 (2000), 1206-9, 1210-6, 1259-60; JAMA 284 (2000), 1435-41. A study of the increase in life expectancy in Sweden is Science 289 (2000), 2366-8. Stress in Eastern Europe is arguably related to decline in life expectancy there, Science 289 (2000), 52-3. On bone loss, JAMA 284 (2000), 1018-9; Science 289 (2000), 1497-508. Lead in calcium supplements is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 1432-3. Sunlight and plastic bottles may be good ways to sterilize water, NS (26 Aug. 2000), 14.

The development of genomic approaches to studying the differences in people's responses to toxins and drugs is reviewed in GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 1, 22, 25. On insulin-like growth factor 1 and cancer, BMJ 321 (2000), 847-8. A call for more environmental health studies has been made in Canada, Lancet 356 (2000), 921 (see also Environment section). A series of papers on Environment and health including topics like the impact of war, CMAJ 163 (2000), 1157-61; Cancer, pp.1009-15; Population, consumption, pp. 551-6, 533-4; Ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, pp. 851-5; Global climate change, pp. 729-34. There can be overestimation of risk from pollutants, EST 34 (2000), 4259-65. Travel is a risk factor for venous thrombosis, Lancet 356 (2000), 1492. Silica-exposed workers have increased risk of renal disease, Lancet 356 (2000), 913. On coal dust and causation of disease, Modern Law Review (2000), 763-73. On fluoridization and teeth, BMJ 321 (2000), 844-5, 855-9. On public health along the US-Mexico border, Lancet 356 (2000), 1020-2; and in developing countries, Lancet 356 (2000), 787, 841-6. Homeopathy is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 471-6. Alternative medicines are discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1422. Probiotics may improve health, JAMA 284 (2000), 1365-6. On traditional medical care in North America, JAMA 284 (2000), 1370. Placebos are discussed in Newsweek (21 Aug. 2000), 56. The use of the SF-36 questionnaire in New Zealand is reported in SSM 51 (2000), 1655-64. On health camps in New Zealand, SSM 51 (2000), 1047-59.

The harms of the germ line damage after Chernobyl are discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 583. The hazards of working with radiation are reviewed in FDA Consumer (Sept. 2000), 11-12. The effects of the nuclear bombs continue in survivors, Lancet 356 (2000), 1009. On nuclear transmutation, EST 34 (2000), 420-1A. Sunken Russian nuclear submarines are ecological time bombs, SA (Nov. 2000), 18; Science News 158 (2000), 159. Proximity of the radiation induced mutation to certain gene elements is important for cancer, Science 290 (2000), 62-1, 138-41. There are questions whether radiation monitors really work, NS (Sept. 2000), 15. On nuclear power, Nature 406 (2000), 679. A metallic oxide erbium zirconate has been found that may be useful to store radioactive waste for 1000 years, NS (12 August. 2000), 6; see also Science 289 (2000), 2051-2. Concerns over mobile telephones are discussed in SA (Sept. 2000), 20-1; NS (7 Oct. 2000), 21. Hands-free phones may be safer, BMJ 321 (2000), 468. Mobile telephones are banned on aircraft but some also think computers should be, NS (19 Aug. 2000), 18-9. Emission of an allergen triphenyl phosphate may be a real harm factor from VDUs, EST 34 (2000), 3885-9.

On exercise and heart disease, NEJM 343 (2000), 572-4, 1409-11; Lancet 356 (2000), 1208-10. A call to use bicycle helmets is made in BMJ 321 (2000), 1035-6. There has been a 700% increase in the scooter injury rate in the USA since May 2000, BMJ 321 (2000), 655. The cause of Gulf War syndrome is a mystery, Nature 407 (2000), 121. Violence as a health risk is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1367. On pathological gambling, NEJM 343 (2000), 1050-1. Injury is often overlooked, JAMA 284 (2000), 950-1. Visual standards for driving are discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 972-3.

Patenting & Business
Monsanto has donated its share of Golden rice to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in the world, Science 289 (2000), 843-5. SCOPE Note 39 is on Genes, Patents and Bioethics, KIEJ 10 (2000), 265-81. A report on the use of pro-vitamin A rice is in ISAAA Briefs No. 20, Kryder, RD. et al. The Intellectual and Technical Property Components of pro-vitamin A rice (Golden Rice): A Preliminary Freedom-to-Operate Review (ISAAA 2000, 56pp). A French comment on the European directive on intellectual property from the French National Bioethics Committee, No. 64, is Les Cahiers 25 (2000), 4-21. Owning our genetic heritage is discussed in Isabel, K. "The genetic connection: Owning our "genetic heritage"", J. Law & Med. 7 (2000), 376-89. A comment from HUGO Ethics Committee is the editorial in Science, 290 (2000), 49. It calls for industry to share 1-3% of profits with humanity if they use genetic data. Industry benefits from public research funding, Nature 406 (2000), 826.

US gene patent rules are discussed in NatBio 18 (2000), 921; Nature 407 (2000), 285; 408 (2000), 17. Germany has decided to support gene patent applications, Nature 407 (2000), 664, 934. The title, Milking the genome for profit is in ,NatBio 18 (2000), 1045―8. The US company RiceTec has backed off a patent on basmatic rice, Nature 407 (2000), 553. On terminator technology, Int. J. Biotechnology 2 (2000), 56-86. The FAO has been awarded a patent in the UK on a cold sterilization process for a coconut-based sports drink. On agroindustrialization, Agricultural Economics 23 (2000), 195-205.

A patent dispute over Kringle 5 is discussed in in Nature 407 (2000), 128. A California appeals court has slashed the damages in the beta-polymerase theft verdict in California to US$1 from the US$200,000 initial award, Nature 407 (2000), 824. On publication rights in open data release policies, Science 289 (2000), 1881. Coauthuorship and coinvention are discussed in Science 289 (2000), 873-5. On science and secrecy, Science 289 (4 Aug. 2000). Annual patent fees are still payable, NS (14 Oct. 2000), 6.

The debate over access to a Native American skeleton are discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 548; NS (30 Sept. 2000), 7. US hospitals have started to ask patients for the right to sell their tissue, BMJ 321 (2000), 653; NatMed. 6 (2000), 1072; NS (30 Sept. 2000), 3. Tissue donors have been able to influence terms in a gene patent, Nature 407 (2000), 821. Also on patents and hospitals, Lancet 356 (2000), 849-50; NEJM 343 (2000), 508-11. On the industry-academia divide, Lancet 356 (2000), 1334; Science 289 (2000), 1687; and in Japan Nature 406 (2000), 921. Academic researchers in the USA have been warned to improve their management of financial conflicts of interests or face regulation, Nature 406 (2000), 817; NatBio 18 (2000), 1029. Drug companies do influence medical education in the USA and other countries, Lancet 356 (2000), 781. Gifts to physicans are discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 2243, and direct to the consumer advertising by companies, JAMA 284 (2000), 2242, 2244. WHO and industry partners are discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 956-61. One question is to whom the industry is acciountable, NEJM 343 (2000), 1415-7.

A series of papers from a conference on Biotechnology in the Global Economy, is in Int. J. Biotechnology 2 (2000), 1-273. A report from the G8 summit position on biotechnology is NatBio 18 (2000), 923-4. Indian institutes are selling their services for seeking funds, Nature 407 (2000), 830-1. On biotech business in the Netherlands, GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 15-6, 77; and in general, Nature 408 (2000), 22-3; Newsweek (10 Oct. 2000), 46-52. The impact of China joining the WTO in biotech. is considered to be useful in USA, GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 51-2, 88. Science in China is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 819. Taiwan biotech is expanding, Nature 407 (2000), 417-26. Technology transfer is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 830-1. A critical comment against the growth in GM crops and corporate control is Splice 6 (Sept. 2000), 4-5. The question whether Russian science is recovering is discussed in Nature 408 (2000), 19-20. Japan is attempting to encourage science entrepreneurs, Nature 406 (2000), 925-6.

The UK company Cantab lost 67% stock price after a drug trials failure, BMJ 321 (2000), 1039. There has been controversy at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Delhi, Nature 408 (2000), 121, 127. On Australian science, Science 289 (2000), 255-7. On how rich get richer, NS (19 Aug. 2000), 22-6. A book review on The Effect of Science on the Second World War is Nature 407 (2000), 565-6. The question of science and productivity are discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1274-6.

Birth Control
The role of the Cairo Conference is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 941-53. Overpopulation is discussed in SA (Oct. 2000), 30-2; BMJ 321 (2000), 950-3. The Indian state of Maharasthra is imposing measures after a having a third child that includes withdrawing certain benefits, in efforts to control population, Lancet 356 (2000), 1178. There is an increase in the number of babies nborn in Holland, Lancet 356 (2000), 837.

On association of sexual behaviour with family in the USA, AJPH 90 (2000), 1582-8. Trends in sexual behaviour from 1985 to 1995 in the USA show that teenage pregnancy is becoming less common, AJPH 90 (2000), 1421-5. Pregnancy tests are discussed in SA (Nov. 2000), 110-1. The IUD is a safe device with low infection rate, Lancet 356 (2000), 1013-9. Informed consent for emergency contraception in rape victims means it may not be discussed in some Catholic hospitals, AJPH 90 (2000), 1372-6. On consultation for contraception, BMJ 321 (2000), 461-2, 486-9. A study of contraceptive policy in Denmark, Germany, Poland, Italy and Spain finds differences, AJPH 90 (2000), 1403-8. Adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of birth control and sexual risk behaviour may favour higher activity, AJPH 90 (2000), 1426-30.

The early oral contraceptives may have put women at risk of breast cancer, JAMA 284 (2000), 1791-8, 1837-8. The 1995 pill scare did not seem to alter venous thromoboembolism rates, BMJ 321 (2000), 477-9. The dangers of hysterectomies to hormone balance is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 730-1. Race influences repsonse at menopause in the USA, Lancet 356 (2000), 916. Hormone replacement therapy is discussed in AJPH 90 (2000), 1397-402. French men can come to the UK to undergo a vasectomy, BMJ 321 (2000), 470. A book review of Women’s Bodies, Women’s Worries: Health and Family Planning in a Vietnamese Rural Community is SSM 51 (2000), 1708. On women’s health, BMJ 321 (2000), 1042.

Embryo Status
A Christian paper asking whether the human embryo is our neighbour is Ethics & Medicine 16 (2000), 57-60. On the property value of human embryos, J. Law & Med. 7 (2000), 434-9.

Infanticide and abortion is debated in two papers in Bioethics 13 (2000), 340-59. A study on the psychological distress of an abortion is reported in Science News 158 (2000), 117; BMJ 321 (2000), 579. The abortion pill RU-486 has been approved in the USA, BMJ 321 (2000), 851. However it will still need to be used with misoprostol, which may be in controversial because it is approved as a stomach medicine, NS (28 Oct. 2000), 13; Science 290 (2000), 39; Newsweek (9 Oct. 2000), 48-50; JAMA 284 (2000), 1948-53. Efforts to relax the French abortion law restriction on 10 weeks are being made, Lancet 356 (2000), 1337. In Singapore activists are trying to tighten abortion controls, Lancet 356 (2000), 747. Non-surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 1325-9. Disability and access to family planning is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 1163-73.

　
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
UK will allow research on embryonic stem cells, NatBio 18 (2000), 1034; NS (19 Aug. 2000), 3; NatMed. 6 (2000), 950; Lancet 356 (2000), 693; BMJ 321 (2000), 527; Nature 406 (2000), 813, 815; 407 (2000), 559; and the NIH offers guidelines for stem cell research amid broader debate, NatBio 18 (2000), 1035; NS (19 Aug. 2000), 4-5, 14-5; (2 Sept. 2000], 6; Science 289 (2000), 1269-70, 1442-3, 1469, 1877-8; JAMA 284 (2000), 1773-4; Nature 406 (2000), 925. The US NIH will fund human stem cell research, BMJ 321 (2000), 527. The Netherlands may impose a 3 year ban on cloning of human embryos for research, BMJ 321 (2000), 852. The Holy See has made a statement, Pontificia Academia Pro Vita, Declaration on the Production and Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, (25 August 2000, 18pp.) which calls on the use of adult stem cells instead. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics published a discussion paper in April 2000. A Spanish comment on research into totipotent stem cells is Eidon 5 (Oct 2000), 1-7. Different countries use the progress in other countries to call for liberalization of research policies on stem cells, Bioethics Examiner 4 (Fall 2000), 1, 4; BME 160 (2000), 9-11. On the option of adult stem cells, Bioethics Research Notes 12 (2000), 25-6; NS (19 Aug. 2000), 16. Also on the pros and cons of stem cell research, JAMA 284 (2000), 681-2. Bioengineering with stem cells is reported in Lancet 356 (2000), 1500 (see also Organ Transplants section). Flk1-positive cells from ES cells can serve as vascular progenitors, Nature 408 (2000), 92-6. Also on stem cell development, Nature 407 (2000), 750-4.

The US company Clonaid has said it has US$500,000 from a couple who wants it to clone their dead child, Science 289 (2000), 2271. Europeans asked British members of Parliament to reject allowing cloning by nuclear transfer, NatMed. 6 (2000), 1068; Nature 407 (2000), 122. The possibility of using nuclear transfer to make a male egg, and then fertilization after that, will allow gay couples to have their own genetically related children, Times (25 Sept. 2000), 1, 4.

There was controversy in Japan over the use of a fathers-in-law sperm to fertilize a woman’s egg, which is against the guidelines of the Japan Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NS (Sept. 2000), 5. Changes in the UK Human and Fertilization and Embryology Act include permission for the father’s name to appear in a birth certificate when his sperm were used after his death, Lancet 356 (2000), 840. There is a test case of a legal demand for details of genetic fathers, BMJ 321 (2000), 654. Also on donor insemination, Daniels, K. “Donor insemination New Zealand: from Early Beginnings to the Millennium”, Pathways (NZ Infertility Society) (Summer 1999), 6-9; F&S 74 (2000), 607-8; Kalfoglou, AL. & Geller, G. “A follow-up study with oocyte donors exploring their experiences, knowledge, and attitudes about the use of their oocytes and the outcome of the donation”, F&S 74 (2000), 660-7. Screening gametes for CF status is discussed in MJA 173 (2000), 380-1. A letter on infertility As a symptom not a disease is F&S 74 (2000), 398. A US Ethics Committee Report on financial incentives for oocyte donors is in F&S 74 (2000), 216-20.

The 1997 results of ART in the USA found an increase in success rate to 40% delivery per transfer, and a total of 25,000 babies born, F&S 74 (2000), 641-53. Chromosome analysis might improve the success rate, Lancet 356 (2000), 1497. A discussion of the Netherlands policy to give IVF for unmarried women is Lancet 356 (2000), 1512-3. In Australian the issue of discrimination against unmarried couples is being debated, Lancet 356 (2000), 746. An Italian women is attempting to give birth to octuplets that were conceived after fertility treatment, Sunday Times (17 Sept. 2000), 21. It may be good to give advice to couples to use contraception before IVF down-regulation, F&S 74 (2000), 655-9. On risks of multiple births, F&S 74 (2000), 617-23. On the psychological issues, Daniels, K. “The psychology of assisted reproduction ― or Psychology assisting its reproduction? A response”, Australian Psychologist 34 (1999), 211-5; Daneisl, K. “A biopsychosocial perspective”, Orgyn 3 (2000), 11-14. On ovarian transplantation, F&S 74 (2000),423-4. The relationship of embryo cryopreservation to cost effectiveness of ART is discussed in F&S 74 (2000), 613-4. However then the issue is disposition of extra embryos, F&S 74 (2000), 213-5.

Blastocyst culture increases efficiency of oocyte donation, F&S 74 (2000), 482-6. Male sperm mobility is dictated by mother’s mtDNA, AJHG 67 (2000), 543-8. The question of whether storing cord blood cells is a private matter is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1417. The use of immunologic tests is discussed in F&S 74 (2000), 439-41. A possible link between testicular cancer and infertility is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 781-2, 789-92.

A study on sex selection is Cohen, A. “Excess female mortality in India: The case of Himchal Pradesh”, AJPH 90 (2000), 1369-71. In Japan there is the reverse trend, a decline in laes, Lancet 356 (2000), 738-9. The sex ratio in Austrian chloracne cohort is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1271-2.

Fetal Environment & Neonates
Semen quality is decreased after exposure to PCBs, Lancet 356 (2000), 1240-1. The birth characteristics of women who develop gestational diabetes are discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 546-7. On the consequences of iron deficiency in utero, Lancet 356 (2000), 596. On the consequences of in utero death in twin pregnancy, Lancet 356 (2000), 1108-9. There is an association between mutations of FSH receptor and repeated twinning, Lancet 356 (2000), 914. Mutations in coagulation factors V and prothrombin may be linked to late fetal loss, NEJM 343 (2000), 1015-8. On fetal learning and memory, Lancet 356 (2000), 1169-70. Mother and father’s genes may determine the size of a baby, SA (Oct. 2000), 24-6. Severe maternal stress like death of a child can cause congenital malformations, including those of cranial neural crest, Lancet 356 (2000), 875-80.

Safe motherhood is discussed in AJPH 90 (2000), 1382, 1436-43. Embryos whose mothers do not eat well in early pregnancy have more problems, NS (23 Sept. 2000), 18. Folic acid fortification is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 970-2. A study in Equador found women with an unwanted or unintended pregnancy were less likely to start care, SSM 51 (2000), 1011-8. A study in Ghana found that congenital rubella is usually not recognised, AJPH 90 (2000), 1555-61. On women’s health, NEJM 343 (2000), 517-8; and the high rate of rape, BMJ 321 (2000), 1034-5. The question whether fetal cells cause maternal disease is discussed in NS (14 Oct. 2000), 15. Bisphenol A exposure in pregnancy causes low birth weight in mice.

A study that finds that Brazilian women do not seek to have birth by cesarean is SSM 51 (2000), 725-40. A book review on childbirth is NEJM 343 (2000), 1276-7; also JAMA 284 (2000), 1987-8. A study of breech position babies has found planned cesarean is better for the baby, Lancet 356 (2000), 1368-9, 1375-83. The question whether a woman has a duty to undergo a cesarean is discussed in Oxford J. Legal Studies 20 (2000), 407-36.

There has been much debate over the separation of a Siamese twins in the UK, that was ordered by the House of Lords over the wishes of the parents, so that at least one may survive, BMJ 321 (2000), 653; Lancet 356 (2000), 840, 953, 1178; NS (7 Oct. 2000), 18-9.; BMJ 321 (2000), 529, 782-3, 853. On neonate decisions, JAMA 284 (2000), 1142-7; Lancet 356 (2000), 946. One of the missing ingredients in formula milk is xanthine oxidase, Lancet 356 (2000), 829-30. Baby food makers lobby the WHO on their feeding advice, BMJ 321 (2000), 591. A study that does not support a link between dust exposure and development of asthma is Lancet 356 (2000), 1369-70, 1392-7. Universal screening for neonatal group B streptococcal disease is suggested in Lancet 356 (2000), 1407.

A study of postnatal deaths in Brazil is SSM 51 (2000), 1675-93. The contribution of mild preterm birth to infant mortality are reviewed in JAMA 284 (2000), 843-9; BMJ 321 (2000), 467. On perinatal brain injury, JAMA 284 (2000), 1973-4. Pain experienced by the fetus in premature birth is discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 971-2. QOL for children 5-8 years is described in Brit. J. Health Psychology 5 (2000), 299-321. On SIDS, MJA 173 (2000), 175-6. Recommendations for nutrition and physical activity for Australian children are in MJA 173 (2000), S1-15. A comment on the slowness to change maternal and child health in Asia is BMJ 321 (2000), 809-12. Young children need to have exercise for better life later, NS (21 Oct. 2000), 16. On maternal age and traits in offspring, Nature 407 (2000), 469-70.

Child abuse is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 1385-91. Mechanisms for memories of fear are discussed in Nature 406 (2000), 722-6; 407 (2000), 38-9. Intergenerational continuity of child physical abuse is unclear, Lancet 356 (2000), 814-9. Circumcision for boys is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 792-3. Preconceptual programming and sexual orientation is discussed in J. Theor. Biol. 179 (1996), 269-73. Comments against Female Genital Mutilation are in Reproductive Freedom News 9 (Sept. 2000), 1-3. On the risks and benefits of controlling period timing, Time (13 Nov. 2000), 55.

Genetic Disease Markers
A new protein, nicastrin has been found as a partner for presenilin, Nature 407 (2000), 34-5, 48-54; Lancet 356 (2000), 915; Neuron 27 (2000), 411-2; Nature 408 (2000), 31-2. Detection of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease is NEJM 343 (2000), 450-6, 502-3; NatMed. 6 (2000), 973-4. Transdermal nicotine has been tested in Down syndrome, Lancet 356 (2000), 1409-10. Parkinson’s disease may not be limited to the brain, Lancet 356 (2000), 917. On therapy using dopamine agonists, JAMA 284 (2000), 1971-2. Dopamine is also linked to schizophrenia, Lancet 356 (2000), 958-9.

A vertebrate globin has found to be expressed in the brain, Nature 407 (2000), 520-3. The mammalian sodium channel BNC1 is required for normal touch sensation, Nature 407 (2000), 1007-11. A review on genetic defects of intracellular membrane transport is NEJM 343 (2000), 1095-104; and on ion channel defects, JMG 37 (2000), 729-40. Variation at serotonin transporter gene influences susceptibility to bipolar affective puerperal psychosis, Lancet 356 (2000), 1490-1. On how neurons die, SA (Oct. 2000), 26-7. On Huntington’s disease, NatMed. 6 (2000), 1063. Recurrent mutations in the spastin gene are uncommon, JMG 37 (2000), 759-65. Adaptive molecular evolution is suggested in olfactory receptors, NatGen. 26 (2000), 131-2. Specific mutations are induced by triplex-forming oligonucleotides in mice, Science 290 (2000), 530-3. A high mutation rate has been found in mitochondrial genome of C. elegans, Science 289 (2000), 2342-4. On DNA repair, Nature 407 (2000), 687-8.

Inactivation of the DNA repair gene MGMT is a predictor of tumour response to alkylating agents, NEJM 343 (2000), 1350-4. Isothiocyanates reduce risk of lung cancer in certain glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, Lancet 356 (2000), 724-9. Removing telomeres may help prevent cancer, Lancet 356 (2000), 917. There is a low prevalence of BRCA1 mutations in early onset breast cancer that does not have a family history, JMG 37 (2000), 792-4. In general on cancer gene mutations, JMG 37 (2000), 641-5; JAMA 284 (2000), 857-60; BMJ 321 (2000), 463-4, 886-9, 943-6; Lancet 356 (2000), 1365; Science 289 (2000), 1121; Nature 406 (2000), 944-5. Breast cancer survival is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1269-71. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours, Nature 407 (2000), 747-52. Take up of iodide in breast tissue after Chernobyl is reported in Nature 406 (2000), 688-9.

Calpain-10 has been identified as a susceptibility gene for type-2 diabetes, NatGen. 26 (2000), 135-7, 163-75; Lancet 356 (2000), 1172. On race as a risk factor for diabetes, JAMA 284 (2000), 2318-9 (see Food Safety section for obesity and diabetes). Mutations in MKKS may cause obesity in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, NatGen. 26 (2000), 15-6, 67-70. CF gene mutations may be linked to chronic rhinosinusitis, JAMA 284 (2000), 1814-9. Circadian rhythm genetics is reviewed in NatGen. 26 (2000), 23-7. On genetic imprinting, AJHG 67 (2000), 777-87. C3a anaphylatoxin receptor may be involved in effector phase of asthma, Nature 406 (2000), 998-1001.

There is association between a dinucleotide repeat in interferon-gamma gene and susceptibility of rheumatoid arthritis, Lancet 356 (2000), 783, 820-5. Papers from the 9^th International Workshop on Fragile X are in AJMG 94 (2000), 345-438. Junk DNA may help women silence one X chromosome, Science News 158 (2000), 92-4. A study of 47 females with 45X is in Annals Human Genetics 64 (2000), 277-93. Usher syndrome is related to PDZ protein, NatGen. 26 (2000), 6-7. Heart disease risks are discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1410-1 (and on diet see food safety section); NatMed. 6 (2000), 968-9; Lancet 356 (2000), 741; NEJM 343 (2000), 774-80; Nature 406 (2000), 906-10. The Brugada syndrome is a genetic disease causing sudden cardiac death, MJA 173 (2000), 415-8. C-reactive protein is linked to heart disease, MJA 173 (2000), 117-8. The genetics of heart development is discussed in TIG 16 (2000), 383-8. Genetic predisposition to retinal disease is discussed in AJHG 67 (2000), 793-9. APOE4 genes may protect kidneys, JAMA 284 (2000), 951.

Genetic Screening Methodology
A technique that allows the chromosome number of every cell in an embryo to be visualised has been developed, BMJ 321 (2000), 1040. On the development of genetic screening test kits by companies, GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 1, 19-20, 71. In general on microarrays, NatGen 26 (2000), 4-5. Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes is reported in Science 289 (2000), 1757-60. DNA arrays are useful for cancer screening, Science 289 (2000), 1670-72. Protein arrays are also becoming useful, Science 289 (2000), 1673.

Litigation after screening is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 760-1. Screening should not be oversold is an opinion of the UK Dept. of Health, BMJ 321 (2000), 914. An Australian survey found women prefer first trimester tests for Down syndrome despite higher risks of miscarriage, Brit.J.O.&G. 107 (2000), 1302-5. The false positive rate of prenatal Down’s syndrome screening in SLE is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1194-5. Prenatal diagnosis of a single gene disorder, achondroplasia, from maternal plasma is reported in Lancet 356 (2000), 1170. Fetal echocardiography for prenatal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome has been conducted, Lancet 356 (2000), 1143-7. Neonatal screening varies between US states, JAMA 284 (2000), 2044-6. Ten years experience on neonatal CF screening in France is recorded in Lancet 356 (2000), 789-94. Genetic testing to identify deaf newborns is reported in JAMA 284 (2000), 1245.

The time is not ready for routine lung cancer screening, JAMA 284 (2000), 1980-3. Population colorectal screening may be cost effective, JAMA 284 (2000), 1854-61. UK death rates by breast cancer have fallen by a third, BMJ 321 (2000), 849. Family support was important in the Singapore breast cancer screening program, SSM 51 (2000), 1695-703. A study has shown that mammography may not be better than physical examination to detect cancer, BMJ 321 (2000), 785. In general on breast cancer screening, BMJ 321 (2000), 647-8, 655-9, 689-93; Lancet 356 (2000), 1033. Routine screening for melanoma is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 883-5.

DNA Fingerprinting & Privacy
The UK will allow genetic testing for Huntington’s disease by insurance companies, NatBio 18 (2000), 1127; Nature 407 (2000), 826; BMJ 321 (2000), 977; NS (21 Oct. 2000), 3, 7. The results of the Genetics and Insurance Committee consideration for 6 other tests will also be considered and given by June 2001. Genetic privacy is still an ideal people many pursue, NatGen 26 (2000), 1-2.

A review paper is Weijer, C. & Emanuel, EJ. “Protecting communities in biomedical research”, Science 289 (2000), 1142-4. Collecting of genes for research is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 854. There is controversy over the collecting of data in Iceland, Nature 406 (2000), 819. Estonia is preparing for a national DNA database, Science 290 (2000), 31. Singapore is to create a nationwide disease database, Nature 407 (2000), 935. A review of new tools for police investigation is Science 289 (2000), 850-4.

Data protection legislation is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 890-2. Breach of confidence as a privacy remedy in the Human Rights Act in the UK is reviewed in Modern Law Review (2000), 660+. There may be some research which needs patient-identifiable data, BMJ 321 (2000), 1031-2. A letter over the publishing of a woman patient’s photo without her direct consent in Lancet is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1036. The question of licensing of our personal information may be a solution to Internet privacy, California Law Review 88 (2000), 1507-46. A case study on the use of Internet to access confidential patient records is reported in BMJ 321 (2000), 612-4. A survey of genetic registers in clinical practice in the UK is JMG 37 (2000), 636-40. Hackers have broken into Irish counseling helpline services, Lancet 356 (2000), 745.

Ethics & Genetic Screening
Education of genes and genomics is discussed in several courses, e.g. Genesage, GeneEd, see GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 31, 34, 82. Physicians also need education as shown by a French physician survey, Community Genetics 2 (1999), 165-72. The role of voluntary consumer organizations in genetic services in the UK is discussed in Community Genetics 2 (1999), 137-208. A book review of The Century of the Gene is Nature 408 (2000), 26-7. A review of the Mendelian revolution is TIG 16 (2000), 380. A theoretical paper on genetic coding is in Philosophy of Science 67 (2000), 26-44. Health policy and genetics is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 821-9; Science 289 (2000), 1890-2.

The argument against connecting abortion and disability of adults is made in Nelson, JL. "Prenatal diagnosis, personal identity, and disability", KIEJ 10 (2000), 213-28. On the ethics of use of Guthrie cards for newborn screening, Elkin K. & Jones DG. "Guthrie cards: Legal and ethical issues", New Zealand Bioethics J. 1 (Oct. 2000), 22-6. Parents may worry about children’s genetic results, Grosfeld, FJM. Et al. “Parents’ responses to disclosure of genetic test results of their children”, AJMG 94 (2000), 316-23. The case of prenatal diagnosis for creating a donor for an older sibling is reported in Nursing Times 96 (26 Oct. 2000), 10-1; BMJ 321 (2000), 917. A book review of From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice is NEJM 343 (2000), 820; and of The Genetic Revolution and Human Rights, BMJ 321 (2000), 1086. A review of an art show is BMJ 321 (2000), 903.

On the use of predictive testing, Dena, DS. "Rational suicide and predictive gene tic testing", J. Clinical Ethics 10 (1999), 316-23; Harper, PS. Et al. “Ten years of presymptomatic testing for Huntington’s disease: The experience of the UK Huntington’s Disease Prediction Consortium”, JMG 37 (2000), 567-71; Evers-Kiebooms, G. et al. “The psychological complexity of predictive testing for late onset neurogenetic diseases and hereditary cancers: Implications for multidisciplinary counselling and for genetic education”, SSM 51 (2000), 831-41. A study of why patients do not come to genetic counseling sessions is JMG 37 (2000), 810-5. A paper arguing against genetic testing for familial dementia, AJHG 67 (2000), 1033-5.

Disclosure of test results to family members in France is reported in AJMG 94 (2000), 13-8. Client and Counsellor comparisons of the assessment of genetic counseling from the USA are discussed in AJMG 94 (2000), 189-97. A book review on Genetic Counselling is AJMG 94 (2000), 177; and of Strong, TH. Expecting Trouble: The Myth of Prenatal Care in America (New York University 2000), NEJM 343 (2000), 1126.

Science and sociobiology are discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 673-4. A US court case has resulted in large damages to the Aryan Nation in an attempt to put them out of business, Newsweek (4 Sept. 2000), 50. A book review on Why Race Matters is Ethics 110 (2000), 847-8. On the roots of Nazi science, Nature 407 (2000), 823-4. There is controversy over the situation of a new Polish disco over a former deathcamp site, Newsweek (9 Oct. 2000), 37.

Gene Therapy
On ethics of clinical trials of gene therapy in India, Issues in Medical Ethics 8 (2000), 122-4. Book reviews of Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children are NatBio 18 (2000), 1115; NEJM 343 (2000), 1425. The AAAS report Human Inheritable Genetic Modifications calls for oversight of germ-line gene research, Science 289 (2000), 2023, 2369; NatBio 18 (2000), 1127; Lancet 356 (2000), 1091; Nature 407 (2000), 278. Protecting the female germ-line against cancer therapy is discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 1100-1. On general concerns of gene therapy, FDA Consumer (Sept. 2000), 19-24, 40.

The gene-therapy death prompted a broad civil lawsuit, NatBio 18 (2000), 1136. However it was settled out of court. The question of gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1498. There have been several recent successes for gene therapy, NS (2 Sept. 2000), 22; NatBio 18 (2000), 928-31. Therapeutic approaches to bone diseases are reviewed in Science 289 (2000), 1508-14.

Manipulation of human minichromosomes to carry greater than megabase-sized chromosome inserts has been achieved,NatBio 18 (2000), 1086-90. Gene delivery from a DNA controlled-release stent in porcine coronary arteries is reported in NatBio 18 (2000), 1181―4; on stimulation of angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor, Circulation 102 (2000), 898-901; NatMed. 6 (2000), 1102-3. Viruses may be useful to fight cancer, Science News 158 (2000), 126-7. A chromatin insulator can protect a retroviral gene vector from position effects that silence some genes, NatBio 18 (2000), 913. Gene transfer to airway epithelia has been reported, NatBio 18 (2000), 914. Highly efficient gene transfer into preterm CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cells is reported in Am.JOG 183 (2000), 732-7.

Human Genome Project (HGP)
A book review on ethical issues is JAMA 284 (2000), 1854; NatGen. 26 (2000), 21. Japan is seeking to unify ethical rules on genomic research, Nature 406 (2000), 665. A comment on the human genome project from a Christian perspective is in Science & Christian Belief 12 (2000), 98. Estonian parliament considers genome law, NatBio 18 (2000), 1135. A survey in Germany found 84% had heard of the completion of the first draft, but on third were looking forward to benefits while 40% were concerned of risks, Nature 406 (2000), 821.

The use of SNPs for customized drug design is discussed in GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 8, 13, 78. A SNP map of human chromosome 22 is in Nature 407 (2000), 516-20. SNP analysis is discussed in NatGen. 26 (2000), 13-4, 151-2, 233-6; Nature 407 (2000), 513-6. On pharmacogenomics, NEJM 343 (2000), 1408-9. Genome project and patents are discussed in NatBio 18 (2000), 1009-10; and on Brazilian genomics research, Nature 407 (2000), 440-1. Italian genomics research is discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 1071. Bioinformatics is discussed in Science 290 (2000), 471-3; NS (4 Nov. 2000), 34-41. Structural genomics research is a further project, Nature 406 (2000), 923-4.

Review include Nelson, KE. Et al. “Status of genome projects for nonpathogenic bacteria and archaea”, NatBio 18 (2000), 1049-54; Nature 406 (2000), 947-8; 408 (2000), 6-7; TIG 16 (2000), 456-60; Science 289 (2000), 1488-9; SA (Sept. 2000), 16-8; NS (4 Nov. 2000), 28-33. Recent bacteria to be sequenced include Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nature 407 (2000), 757-61; Lancet 356 (2000), 1333; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Nature 406 (2000), 959-64; Lancet 356 (2000), 918; Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, NatGen. 26 (2000), 134-5; Thermoplasma acidophilum, Nature 407 (2000), 466-7, 508-13. The Welcome Trust is competing with Celera to be first to finish the mouse genome sequence, expected by February 2001 or earlier; Nature 407 (2000), 663-4; Science 289 (2000), 242-3. Japan has opened up its mouse cDNA data, Nature 407 (2000), 279. L1 retrotransposons shape the mammalian genome, Science 289 (2000), 1152-3. A high priority is being given to a primate genome project, Science 289 (2000), 1267, 1295.

On the study of modern human origins, GEN 20 (1 Sept. 2000), 6, 87; TIG 16 (2000), 381; Science 289 (2000), 2057. On origins of the American Indians, SA (Sept 2000), 80-7. Neanderthal genetic diversity is reviewed in NatGen. 26 (2000), 144-6. Ancient DNA is discussed in Science 289 (2000), 1139; Nature 407 (2000), 550. On human genetic diversity, NS (4 Nov. 2000), 42-50. The question of seeking volunteers for donating genetic samples is discussed in NS (12 Aug. 2000), 22 (see also section on Privacy). See the Indigenous Resource Protection Act <http://www.ipcb.org/pub/irpaintro.html> released by the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism.

General Medical Ethics
On love in nursing, Fitzgerald, L. & van Hooft, S. "A Socratic dialogue on the question 'What is love in nursing'?, Nursing Ethics 7 (2000), 481-91. Differences between moral sensitivity between nurses and physicians are discussed in Nursing Ethics 7 (2000), 520-30. Teamwork is discussed in Human Relations 53 (2000), 1387-1530. A series of 8 articles on rights and strikes in healthcare is in CQHE 9 (2000), 443-523. A new textbook of research ethics has been published by Kluwer Publishers. In Ireland there is said to be a breakdown in trust between doctor and patient, Lancet 356 (2000), 1431-2. A study on concepts of trust among patients with serious disease is SSM 51 (2000), 657-68. Patient desire to be involved in decisions is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 867-71. Patient-centredness is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 1087-1110.

The question of healing societies and persons is debated in Thomasma, DC. & Weisstub, DN. "Forgiving and forgetting: A post-Holocaust dialogue on the possibility of healing", CQHE 9 (2000), 542-61. On guidance in particularistic ethics, Bioethics 13 (2000), 287-309. Spirituality is a taboo in development studies, Development in Practice 10 (2000), 31-41. However it is important in medicine, JAMA 284 (2000), 1708; NEJM 343 (2000), 1339-42; Science 290 (2000), 282. In general on medical ethics, NEJM 343 (2000), 588-9, 1426; JAMA 284 (2000), 1444; Lancet 356 (2000), 864; BMJ 321 (2000), 909-10; SSM 51 (2000), 1139-42, 1283-93. The doctrine of double effect is discussed in The Thomist 64 (2000), 423-48. John Rawls is discussed in Ethics 110 (2000), 669-96. The use of utility is discussed in Phil. & Public Affairs 29 (2000), 113-36. On vitalism, Nature 407 (2000), 677. Harming and allowing harm are discussed in Ethics 110 (2000), 749-79.

Book reviews of Macklin, R., Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine (Oxford University Press 1999, 304pp.) include CQHE 9 (2000), 577-9; Ethics 110 (2000), 849-50. A cross-cultural ethics is discussed in Nie, J-B. "The plurality of Chinese and American medical moralities: Toward an interpretative cross-cultural bioethics", KIEJ 10 (2000), 239-60. A sociological account of the growth of principlism is HCR 30 (Sept. 2000), 31-8; and a traditional perception of a person in Africa, Tangwa, GB. "The traditional African perception of a person", HCR 30 (Sept. 2000), 39-43. Bioethics and Canadian aboriginal cultures are discussed in CMAJ 163 (2000), 845-50; 833. Hindu and Sikh bioethics are discussed in CMAJ 163 (2000), 1167-70. Papers on Jainism are in Philosophy East & West 50 (2000), 321-459.

On international health research, Dispatches 10 (Oct. 2000), 12-5; BMJ 321 (2000), 777-8, 824-6. The US NBAC has proposed draft rules for such research, Science 290 (2000), 28-9. They will require researchers to not use placebos but an established therapy in a clinical trial. However the FDA is defending placebo-based trials, Lancet 356 (2000), 1086. Long term obligations to human subjects in clinical trials are discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 960-1. Ethics of placebos in Alzheimer’s research is discussed in MJA 173 (2000), 147-8. A review on the Nuffield Council report on research in developing countries is BME 160 (2000), 3-4. On informed consent and exploitation in human subjects research, Bioethics 13 (2000), 310-39. On protecting the vulnerable, SSM 51 (2000), 969-77. Women in clinical trials are discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 505-6. A report from the Global Bioethics Forum held in Thailand in October 2000 is Lancet 356 (2000), 1502.

A book review of Blank, R. Brain Policy: How the New Neuroscience will Change our Lives (Georgetown University Press 1999, 197pp.) is Bioethics 13 (2000), 360-3. On ethics committees in Italy, BME 160 (2000), 13-8. A book review of Ethical Dilemmas in Neurology is NEJM 343 (2000), 975-6. Psychological debriefing may do more harm than good, BMJ 321 (2000), 1032-3, 1043. There is concern over alleged psychiatric abuses in China, Lancet 356 (2000), 920. China is planning more use of lethal injection in executions, Lancet 356 (2000), 1012. Stereotyping is discussed in NS (30 Sept. 2000), 38-41. On bias against gay men, JAMA 284 (2000), 1986-7; Lancet 356 (2000), 1281; Modern Law Review (2000), 694+. Sexual orientation may link to handedness, Science News 158 (2000), 53. Minorities in medicine are discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 1085-92, 1138-9; and gender, SSM 51 (2000), 931-9; BMJ 321 (2000), 1087; Science 290 (2000), 55-6; Lancet 356 (2000), 748. Telling children about parent’s cancer is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 462-3, 479-82.

Teaching medical ethics is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 1563-7. Admission to a teaching hospital may be associated with better quality of care, JAMA 284 (2000), 1256-62. Defining quality of care is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 1611-25. Informed consent in neck injury is discussed in MJA 173 (2000), 213-4. Policy of Jehovah's Witnesses for blood is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1114-5. Clinical ethics committees are discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 649-50. A new book is Becker, GK., ed., The Moral Status of Persons. Perspectives on Bioethics (Rodopi 2000, 260pp.).

Law & Medical Ethics
The UK Siamese conjoined twins, Jodie and Mary have been separated leading to the death of one. There has been much ethical debate before and after, BME 160 (2000), 1; 161 (2000), 17-24. Ethical codes for research on children are discussed in New Zealand Bioethics J. 1 (Oct. 2000), 3-9; Dispatches 10 (Oct. 2000), 2-5. On the making of medical decisions for a seriously sick child, BME 161 (2000), 13-16. Right to health are discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1433-6; BMJ 321 (2000), 780-1. On a patient’s bill of rights, NEJM 343 (2000), 1267-8; Lancet 356 (2000), 1186-8, 1501.

Clinical research is also discussed in the section on General Medical Ethics. Revised Helsinki Declaration is discussed in Science 290 (2000), 418-9; Lancet 356 (2000), 1123, 1336; BMJ 321 (2000), 913. Also on placebos, NS (2 Sept. 2000), 16-7; NEJM 343 (2000), 808-10. Legal regulation of doctors in Croatia is reviewed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1349-50. India has published ethical guidelines for biomedical research, Lancet 356 (2000), 1502.

The GMC is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1338; BMJ 321 (2000), 725, 918. Medical errors are discussed in FDA Consumer (Sept. 2000), 14-8; JAMA 284 (2000), 827-9, 891-2, 2175-7, 2187-8; MJA 173 (2000), 247-51, 384-6; BMJ 321 (2000), 505-9, 1278; Lancet 356 (2000), 773, 1212. Professionalism is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 739-40; and liability, NEJM 343 (2000), 592-6. Drug compensation is being discussed in Ireland, Lancet 356 (2000), 1176. Abbott Laboratories has been sued for alleged fraud, NatMed. 6 (2000), 948. In Italy medical negligence is a crime, Lancet 356 (2000), 1268-9; while in Spain they avoid lawsuits, Lancet 356 (2000), 1266-7. On medicine at the European Court of Justice, Lancet 356 (2000), 1514-6. Publication of physician performance data may be useful to change physician behavior, JAMA 284 (2000), 1079-80; BMJ 321 (2000), 587. The Shipman Inquiry will be held in public and may involve 200 patient deaths, BMJ 321 (2000), 784.

Scientific Ethics
The use of English in science is discussed in EST 34 (2000), 369A; and in EJAIB 10 (Nov. 2000). The new Vancouver Group statement refines the definition of authorship, CMAJ 163 (2000), 716-7; Am.JOG 183 (2000), 775-6. The BMJ ethics committee is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 720. Bias is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 959-60; BMJ 321 (2000), 845-6. A call for physicians to be moral leaders is made in Am.JOG 183 (2000), 261-70.

Expert witnesses on public health are discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 15-6. A flawed cancer study has been reported at University of Oklahoma, USA, Science 289 (2000), 706-7. A survey of US conflict of interest policies is JAMA 284 (2000), 2203-8, 2234-8; Science 289 (2000), 1266-7. On misconduct, BMJ 321 (2000), 752-6; NatMed. 6 (2000), 946-7; Science 290 (2000), 245-6.

Claims against scientists and journalists in the Amazon are made in a book reviewed in Nature 408 (2000), 137-9; Science 289 (2000), 2251-2. A book review of Media Ethics is Ethics 110 (2000), 845-6. The transformation of Japan into information junkies is discussed in NS (21 Oct. 2000), 39-41. Suicides in Japan reached a recoprd of 33048 in 1999, BMJ 321 (2000), 528.

Euthanasia & Terminal Care
A report from the Netherlands finds that in 1995 37% of the requests for euthanasia in were carried out, BMJ 321 (2000), 865-6. In general on euthanasia see CQHE 9 (2000), 532-41; BME 161 (2000), 3-4. On patients in PVS and their families, Nursing Ethics 7 (2000), 533-4. In the UK the human rights law does not affect the law on PVS, BMJ 321 (2000), 916. Police are investigating deaths by another UK doctor, BMJ 321 (2000), 981. A US doctor has pleaded guilty to murdering patients also, Lancet 356 (2000), 1010; BMJ 321 (2000), 657. Apoptosis is reviewed in Nature 407 (2000), 769-816. On the limits of human lifespan, Lancet 356 (2000), 1249.

Palliative pain relief is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 888-93, 1273-4; BMJ 321 (2000), 555-8; MJA 173 (2000), 452-3. The ethics of removing low burden interventions in chronically ill patients is debated in JAMA 284 (2000), 1380-3. Changing patterns of death and dying in Eastern Europe and Africa are discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 917-30. A book review on aging across the world is BMJ 321 (2000), 517. The mechanism of aging is reviewed in Nature 408 (2000), 231-69. Improving the services of bereaved relatives is discussed in MJA 173 (2000), 456, 480-3.

Organ Transplants & Brain Death
A call has been made for brain dead donors to be anesthetized, Nature 406 (2000), 821. A book review on The Definition of Death is SSM 51 (2000), 1137-8. On human body decomposition, Science 289 (2000), 855-7. In general on ethics of transplants, Lancet 356 (2000), 1533. On presumed consent, BMJ 321 (2000), 1023.

A report from the first successful hand transplant is NS (30 Sept. 2000), 42-5; see also, NEJM 343 (2000), 468-73. If hands cannot be transplanted the Krukenberg procedure may be used for double hand amputees, Lancet 356 (2000), 1072-5. National sharing of kidneys in the USA is working well regarding matching, NEJM 343 (2000), 1078-84. Irish kidney transplants have fallen by a quarter due to dropping donations, BMJ 321 (2000), 916. A study of donors in Ohio, USA, is SSM 51 (2000), 1197-210. Donor policy is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 526. A failed and controversial uterus transplant in Saudi Arabia is reported in Lancet 356 (2000), 838.

Bone marrow transplants work for childhood onset cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystophy, Lancet 356 (2000), 713-8. The first permanent implant of the Jarvik 2000 heart is reported in Lancet 356 (2000), 900-3. The impact of receiving a heart are surveyed in BMJ 321 (2000), 540-5. Cochlear implants in deaf children are regarded as effective in JAMA 284 (2000), 850-6; Lancet 356 (2000), 744. Islet transplants to treat diabetes are hoped for, BMJ 321 (2000), 651-2; Science News 158 (2000), 156-7. Prospects to maintain sight are reviewed in NS (26 Aug. 2000), 32-5.

Skin stem cells are discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 1095-6. Bone remodeling is discussed in NatMed. 6 (2000), 970-1; NS (16 Sept. 2000), 7. Regenerating neural cells is discussed in Nature 407 (2000), 963-70. Composite tissue transplantation is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 503-4. On blood transfusion, MJA 173 (2000), 230-1. A case of twin-twin transfusion in 1617 is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 847-8. There is reported progress in pursuit of engineered hemoglobin in the USA (14 Nov. 2000). Reusing medical devices is discussed in FDA Consumer (Sept. 2000), 8-9.

The Roslin Institute has backed off pig organ research, Nature 406 (2000), 663; and Novartis has also left its institute in the UK, Nature 407 (2000), 547. In general on the current situation, Nature 406 (2000), 661; 407 (2000), 666; NatMed. 6 (2000), 963. There are still concerns about infection following an experiment in mice, Nature 407 (2000), 91-4, 545; BMJ 321 (2000), 717-8; Lancet 356 (2000), 1049-50; NS (26 Aug. 2000), 7; Newsweek (28 Aug. 2000), 45. The case of infection of Histoplasma capsulatum between humans is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 1163-6.

Health Costs
On hospital futility policies, CQHE 9 (2000), 524-31. A paper on trust in managed care organizations is KIEJ 10 (2000), 189-212. Setting priorities for waiting lists is discussed in CMAJ 163 (2000), 857-60.

Global health is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 839, 1093-8, 1285, 1355-6, 1527; BMJ 321 (2000), 775-6; SA (Nov 2000), 120-1; and trends in rapidly changing countries, SSM 51 (2000), 809-19, 979-89, 1351-61. On USA health debates, NEJM 343 (2000), 1118-21, 1184-9; SSM 51 (2000), 639-56; JAMA 284 (2000), 1670-6, 2034-6, 2053, 2061-9, 2100-18, 2325-33, 2374-5. On health care systems in Russia, NEJM 343 (2000), 1424; SSM 51 (2000), 1283-1324; Thailand, SSM 51 (2000), 789-807. Health care and solidarity in Bosnia and Herzegovina are discussed in Croatian Medical J. 41 (2000), 287-93; Spanish, Lancet 356 (2000), 1503; and Australia, MJA 173 (2000), 1-52; New Zealand, MJA 173 (2000), 423-6; Japan, Lancet 356 (2000), 1251. Strengthening health research in developing countries is addressed in BMJ 321 (2000), 813-7; Lancet 356 (2000), 1043-5. Medical migration is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1196-8. On inequality and indigenous persons, SSM 51 (2000), 1001-5; AJPH 90 (2000), 1531-9; Lancet 356 (2000), 1011; MJA 173 (2000), 173-4.

Internet Journals
Global information flow is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1129-30, BMJ 321 (2000), 776-7. Online journals are expanding, JAMA 284 (2000), 943-4; Nature 407 (2000), 291. Many people can access medical information on the www, JAMA 284 (2000), 1962-4; BMJ 321 (2000), 465-6, 797-800; Lancet 356 (2000), 1283. Medical software is becoming free, BMJ 321 (2000), 976. The quality of websites is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 843-4.

Prepared by Darryl Macer
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