This file includes links to papers published by Eubios Ethics Institute, and some other organizations, in the first section. Next it includes topical extracts from EJAIB and EEIN between January 1994 - 2006 (older news items are in separate files). Last date of updating is referenced in the main News page. Latest news and papers is at the bottom of each of the two sections.
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Health care reforms in Russia and legislational provisions - Irina A. Petrova, Ph.D., EJAIB 6 (1996), 60-1.
Case 4: Therapy for a 48 year old alcoholic patient - Masashi Shirahama, and 8 commentators EJAIB 8 (1998), 105-110.
Ethical Aspects of Healthcare Reforms in Malaysia - Chan Chee Khoon EJAIB 8 (1998), 115.
Ecstasy and Ethics of Poverty- a romantic myth - R.N. SharmaEJAIB 9 (1999), 115-6.
Decisions in Circumstances of Poverty - Eliane S. Azevedo
Globalization, Bioethics and the Cultures of Developing Countries - Soraj Hongladarom EJAIB 12 (May 2002), 103-105.
Developing Holistic health care in the
third world: A working study proposal - Rakesh Biswas,Nupur Sarkar, Arvind M
Theodore,Bisshow Kalyan Parajuli, Vijay Alurkar,Kiduwur J Shetty, J S Nagra EJAIB 12 (July 2002), 143-147.
EJAIB 13 (2003), 63-65 Globalisation and Rural Poor - J. Delphine Prema Dhanaseeli & A.Joseph Thatheyus
EJAIB 13 (2003), 139-142 Medical student narratives for understanding Disease and social
order in the third world - R. Biswas, B. Dhakal, GR Dhakal, R N Das, and JS Nagra
EJAIB 13 (2003), 181-3 Strategies against the Threat to Rural Poor - A.Maria Alphonsal and J. Delphine Prema Dhanaseel
EJAIB 13 (2003), 223-4 Impact of Biotechnology in Reducing Poverty and
Hunger in Pakistan - Farzana Panhwar
EJAIB 14 (2004), 58-9 The Development of Health Insurance in Turkey and its
Importance from the Point of View of Medical Ethics - Ibrahim Basagaoglu and Aysegul Demirhan Erdemir
On the US health care reform plan and the options see: NEJM 329 (1993), 1563-6, 1569-70, 1574-6, 1666-76; JAMA 270 (1993), 1674, 1737-9, 2030, 2100, 2116-7, 2669-70; Lancet 342 (1993), 543, 1164, 1373-4; Biotechnology 11 (1993), 1203; Science 262 (1993), 525-8. Criticism includes the point that although the plan calls for universal coverage it is not universal. Hospital administrative costs are debated in NEJM 329 (1993), 1654-7. Various state experiments in health care cost allocation are reported in BMJ 307 (1993), 1378-9. The affects of the reforms upon academic research are considered in Nature 366 (1993), 200-2; Science 262 (1993), 523-4. Criticism of the US woman's health study saying that it may be a waste of money for what is politically correct are in Nature 366 (1993), 11; BMJ 307 (1993), 1299.
The global food supply and its relationship to hunger is reviewed in Lancet 342 (1993), 1345-7; BMJ 307 (1993), 1369-70. Studies on the lower life expectancy of poor people within the UK are BMJ 307 (1993), 1097-102, 1458-62; and on the widening gap in wealth and health, BMJ 307 (1993), 1085-6.
Health care reform in other countries, includes papers on: New Zealand (note that in the recent election the ruling party won a one seat majority on a count-back, thus the current reforms may continue), Lancet 342 (1993), 1103-4; Sweden, Lancet 342 (1993), 979; Australia, where the rich may have to use private health care more, BMJ 307 (1993), 1300-1; U.K., BMJ 307 (1993), 1018-9.
An editorial on the efficiency and equity of health care systems is in SSM 38 (1994), vii-viii. A comparison of the health care systems in the two leading economies is T. Tsuda et al., "Primary health care in Japan and the United States", SSM 38 (1994), 489-95. A discussion of how to use QALYs (quality of life adjusted years) to allocate resources is in Monash Bioethics Review 13 (1994), 22-33. A legal discussion of the rationing of health care and disability is D. Orentlicher, "Rationing and the Americans with Disabilities Act", JAMA 271 (1994), 308-14.
An international perspective on rationing decisions is O. O'Neill, "International justice and health care", BME (Dec 93), 17-22. Surveys reporting the attitudes to rationing in Europe are reported in T. Tymstra & M. Andela, "Opinions of Dutch physicians, nurses, and citizens on health care policy, rationing, and technology", JAMA 270 (1993), 2995-9. Inequality in health from surveys in Finland, Norway and Sweden are discussed in SSM 38 (1994), 517-24. The effect of health insurance coverage on clinical outcomes in women with breast cancer, by comparisons between the US and the Canadian system is NEJM 329 (1993), 2039-40. Letters looking at the connection between privilege and health are in NEJM 330 (1994), 139-40.
General discussion of health care reform is in Lancet 343 (1994), 104. On the US health care reform see: SSM 38 (2), v-vii; NEJM 330 (1994), 75-80, 204-5; JAMA 270 (1993), 2968-70; 271: 64-6; Scientific American (Feb 1994), 79-80; Science 263 (1994), 157-9.
An appeal to consider the costs of treating children, and being just to all people in the world by R. Nicholson is in HCR 24(1) (1994), 5. As he notes, the concept of justice in practice in Western [in fact in any country or region] philosophy is empty. Further comment, with the title "Can't we count?" by P.T. Menzel is in p. 22-3. They both question (see earlier comments in this newsletter) the need for spending US$1.5 million on transplant operations, even more so given the low chances of success. Let us all hope that people learn how to count lives. Also on global justice, J. Business Ethics 12 (1993), 547-51; Lancet 343 (1994), 429-30.
How to measure cost efficiency and clinical trials, Science 263 (1994), 1080-2. A critique of using compliance as a measure of success of a screening program is BMJ 308 (1994), 117-9. Appropriateness ratings are applauded in BMJ 308 (1994), 218-9.
On US health reform, Scientific American (April 1994), 118; Lancet 343 (1994), 238-9, 347; NEJM 330 (1994), 498-500+, 639-40, 871-3; JAMA 271 (1994), 431, 464-7, 731, 782-4, 875-6, 939-44; Int. J. Health Services 24 (1994), 1-44; J. Health Politics, Policy & Law 18 (1993 issues 2&3), 267-770. A paper by Hillary Clinton is in Acad. Med. 69 (1994), 93-6.
Japanese health reform is introduced in Lancet 343 (1994), 721-2. A description of the Greek National Health Service and the law of 1992 that revised it in BME 95 (Feb 1994),5. Included in the law was the establishment of a Centre for Medical Ethics. Asset testing in New Zealand allows the government to take people's assets, houses, etc., to pay for rest home care - a dramatic change in social welfare!, NZ Med. J. 107: 49-52; Lancet 343 (1994), 591; and on problems in NZ reforms, BMJ 308 (1994), 556-7; Lancet 343 (1994), 723. There are also concerns about Maori health, Lancet 343 (1994), 46. The problems of poor aboriginal health continue to lead to attempts to improve the situation, BMJ 308 (1994), 77. Poor American Indian health is reported in JAMA 271 (1994), 845-50. Inequality in national health is discussed in Lancet 343 (1994), 221-2, 537-8; and a Finnish paper suggesting poor socioeconomic conditions in childhood do not result in harm to adult health is Lancet 343 (1994), 524-7, 496. Other countries: Canadian physicians attitudes, CMAJ 149 (1993), 879-84; In the UK, Lancet 343 (1994), 585-7; Int. J. Health Services 24 (1994), 45-72; BMJ 308 (1994), 338, 426-7, 594, 722-5, 728; Sweden, BMJ 308 (1994), 219-20; South Africa, BMJ 308 (1994), 357; Europe, Lancet 343 (1994), 245-6. International comparisons are in J. Med. & Phil. 18 (1993), 431-502; Lancet 343 (1994), 778-80.
A discussion of the ethics of rationing using age as a basis is J. Harris, "Does justice require that we be ageist?", Bioethics 8 (1994), 74-83; and a critique in pp. 84-92.
The medical costs in 1992 in Japan were Y23.478 trillion, about Y188,700 per capita. This is a 7.6% rise on 1991 costs, the largest annual increase, and well above the 0.3% inflation; Japan Times (3 July 1994), 2.
The ethical foundations of the Clinton health plan are reviewed in JAMA 271 (1994), 1189-96. US health care reform is discussed in NEJM 330 (1994), 1167-71, 1452-3; JAMA 271 (1994), 1266-72, 1470, 1480-2, 1520-33, 1539-44, 1579-86, 1620-1; Science 264 (1994), 1515; Nature 369 (1994), 508; and almost everyday on the media! On Australia, Lancet 343 (1994), 843-4, 1279; BMJ 308 (1994), 998-9; Denmark, BMJ 308 (1994), 1000; the Netherlands, BMJ 308 (1994), 936; and the UK, BMJ 308 (1994), 1363-6.
A forum on how hospitals should ration drugs is BMJ 308 (1994), 901-8, 1246. A series of papers on economic analysis of health technology are in SSM 38 (1994), 1591-660+; 39: 7-21.
Monitoring equity is necessary to ensure ethical delivery, BMJ 308 (1994), 1284-7, 1426-9. After hours health care in different countries is compared in BMJ 308 (1994), 1387-91. Poverty and poor health is discussed in Lancet 343 (1994), 805-6, 1224-5; BMJ 308 (1994), 1113-4, 1125-8, 1153-6, 1257; JAMA 271 (1994), 967-70, 1237-9; NEJM 330 (1994), 1421-5; and in China in AJPH 84 (1994), 737-41. Racial variation in health outlook, and in cardiac procedure use is JAMA 271 (1994), 1169-74, 1175-80, 1207-8. Age rationing is discussed in Lancet 343 (1994), 1213-4, 1278. Starvation in hospital is discussed in BMJ 308 (1994), 934, 1369-70.
Rationing is debated in HCR 24(4) (1994), 27-42; JME 20 (1994), 71-4:JAMA 271 (1994), 1903-4. On the ethics of reforming health care, JAMA 272 (1994), 353-4. Letters on insurance variations in US coverage for bone marrow transplants are in NEJM 331 (1994), 329-32.
The social insurance costs in Japan for 1992 were 53.84 trillion yen, including 20.7613 trillion yen in medical costs, on average a spending of 430,000 yen per person; Yomiuri Shimbun (31 Aug 1994), 1.
A paper on the ethical aspects of recent changes in New Zealand health care financing, mentioned in earlier issues, is B. Easton, "The ethics of asset stripping", Otago Bioethics Report 3(2), 6-9; and rural hospitals continue to close beds, BMJ 309 (1994), 147; see also BMJ 308 (1994), 1587; Lancet 344 (1994), 47-8. On Australian debate, MJA 160 (1994), 463-75.
Consumer information about health care financing is discussed in JAMA 272 (1994), 196. The problems of replicating a national health service, like the UK, in another country are discussed in Lancet 344 (1994), 248-50. Equity among different countries is discussed in AJPH 84 (1994), 932-7, 945-50; Lancet 344 (1994), 1-2, 273; BMJ 308 (1994), 1496-9; NEJM 330 (1994), 1763-4; and inside 8 provinces of China, SSM 39 (1994), 687-99. Czech reform is in JAMA 271 (1994), 1870-4; and Bosnia in Lancet 343 (1994), 1573-4; Gaza, Lancet 343 (1994), 1614-7. A review of the Finnish system is JAMA 271 (1994), 1957-62. On US health care reform, which is still being hoped for: Newsweek (8 Aug), 24; Hospital Ethics (July), 14-5; JAMA 271 (1994), 1723-4; 272: 12, 222-30, 239-40, 324-8; Nature 370 (1994), 501; NEJM 330 (1994), 1752-3, 331: 63-88, 304-9, 327-8, 336-7.
The effect of health care reform on biotech is debated in Biotech 980: 980-1; and on general research, Science 266 (1994), 49-51. The UK has introduced a research levy on health spending, Nature 371 (1994), 275.
On US health care debate, Lancet 344 (1994), 395; JAMA 272 (1994), 552-9, 560-3, 634-9, 797-802, 803+, 817+, 913, 971+; Scientific American (Oct 1995), 993-5; some papers among AJLM XX (1994), 1-220. Californians will be voting on a single-payer health system in the referendum accompanying the elections, JAMA 272 (1994), 991-2. On the ethical aspects, Council on Ethical & Judicial Affairs, AMA, "Ethical issues in health care system reform. The provision of adequate health care", JAMA 272 (1994), 1056-62. Mariner, W.K. "Patients' rights after health care reform: Who decides what is medically necessary?", AJPH 84 (1994), 1515-20. Letters on access of Medicaid recipients to outpatient care are in NEJM 331 (1994), 877-9. A study finding lower use of screening programs by poor persons in Ontario, Canada, as in the USA, despite universal care in Canada, is JAMA 272 (1994), 530-4. On private health care, SSM 39 (1994), 876-8.
General practice training is discussed in Nature 371 (1994), 98; and primary care benefits in Nature 371 (1994), 552. A debate whether home care saves money is in World Health (July/August), 18-9; along with a whole issue on the general topic of home care.
A paper on a world view is Murray, C.J.L. "National health expenditures: a global analysis", Bulletin WHO 72: 623-37; pp. 639-51. On cost effectiveness, NEJM 331 (1994), 669-70; Bulletin WHO 72: 663-74; SSM 39 (1994), 1189-1201, 1203-10. The relationship between unemployment and ill health is explored in J. Epidem. & Comm. Health 48: 333-7; and of poverty, Lancet 344 (1994), 463, 755; JAMA 272 (1994), 630-1. Also on health costs in the UK, BMJ 309 (1994), 396-9, 424-5, 497-8, 593-6, 623-4; and Norway, SSM 39 (1994), 1011-4.
The philosophy of equality is discussed in Bioethics 8 (1994), 329- 49. Several papers on the allocation of resources are in KIEJ 4 (1994), 291-308, 309-317. The ethics of US health care reform are in J. Med. & Phil. 19: 305-14, 419-24, 491-500, 501-16.
Alberta health service delivery is discussed in Health Law Review 3: 12-9, and the Canadian charter of rights and freedoms in Health Law Review 3: 20-2. A paper on ethics is Cox, J.L. "The ethics of queuing for coronary artery bypass grafting in Canada", CMAJ 151 (1994), 949-53.
The ethics of managed care is discussed in Hospital Ethics (Sept 1994), 7-9; Lancet 344 (1994), 1197-9. Primary care is discussed in Lancet 344 (1994), 1129-33, 1413-5. Also on deciding how to use medical resources, Lancet 344 (1994), 943, 1200-2, 1203-6, 1519; JAMA 272 (1994), 1480-2; BMJ 309: 1314-5; BMJ 309 (1994), 964.
More cases of health problems caused by poor socio-economic conditions are being found, Lipman, E.L. et al. "Relation between economic disadvantage and psychosocial morbidity in children", CMAJ 151 (1994), 431+; Hogg, R.S. et al. "Lower socioeconomic status and shorter survival following HIV infection", Lancet 344 (1994), 1120- 4; MJA 161 (1994), 406; NZMJ 107: 379-81; JAMA 272 (1994), 1251-2; BMJ 309: 1105-6, 1177-8, 1453-5, 1465-70; Sloggett, A. & Joshi, H. "Higher mortality in deprived areas: community or personal disadvantage", BMJ 309 (1994), 1475-9, 1487-91; SSM 39 (1994), 1605-13.
Health care systems are discussed in Lancet 344 (1994), 1212; SSM 39 (1994), 1405-92; and US health care reform, NEJM 331 (1994), 1025-6, 1167-71, 1370-1, 1374-7, 1391-5; Lancet 344 (1994), 1419-20; JAMA 272 (1994), 1276- 82, 1292-6, 1297-8, 1399, 1458-61, 1462-4, 1551-2; AJPH 84 (1994), 1566-7; BMJ 309 (1994), 1383. A survey of US doctor's attitudes is Blendon, R.J. et al. "Health system reform. Physicians' views on the critical choices", JAMA 272 (1994), 1546-50. Comparisons between US and Canadian results for knee replacement surgery are in NEJM 331 (1994), 1068-71, 1089-91; and myocardial infarction, NEJM 331 (1994), 1130-5..
On WHO, BMJ 309 (1994), 1424-8, 1491-5. A series of perspectives from different countries on the future of health care is in World Health (Sept); and on health information for the developing world, BMJ 309 (1994), 939-42. The California referendum to restrict care for illegal immigrants; Lancet 344 (1994), 1423-4; is being challenged as unconstitutional. While we may not like taxes, a person is a person, and if people are used in a society they should receive some benefits. A related issue is the dilemma of refugees, see S.A. Flanders, "US Refugee Policy at Sea. Haitian and Cuban Refuges pose ethical dilemma", Insights on Global Ethics 4(10), 1, 4-5.
Cost-effectiveness analyses are discussed in NEJM 332 (1995), 123-5; JAMA 272(1994), 1903-8, 1951-2.
The results of a recent opinion poll about health reforms in Minnesota found 58% agree and 38% disagreed that insurance should pay for any treatments which will save a human life, even if it costs a million dollars to save one life; University of Minnesota Center for Biomedical Ethics Newsletter (Winter 95), 1. 85% agreed that "Everybody should have the right to get the best possible health care, as good as the treatment a millionaire gets", but they were also realistic, with 84% agrEEINg that "Whatever system we have, some people will always get more and better health care than others". Our image of the USA is sometimes that they tolerate the system which allows poor health care coverage of a substantial poor, however these opinions suggest many support better health care insurance.
On US health care reform and health costs; NEJM 331 (1994), 1779; Am. J. Med. Sci. 308 (1994), 360-4. Homelessness is growing in the USA, which makes it worse, AJPH 84 (1994), 1907-12, 1885-6. Swiss have accepted a new compulsory health insurance scheme, by a 51% vote; Lancet 344 (1994), 1630; BMJ 310 (1995), 11. The issues of health insurance in rural Africa are debated in Lancet 345 (1995), 44-5. Inequality in the UK is increasing, BMJ 309 (1994), 1674-6. Dutch reforms are discussed in Lancet 345 (1995), 50-1.
The 1993 health costs in Japan on persons over 70 years old, or those bedridden over 65 years were 7450 trillion yen.
New Zealand health care reforms are bringing much protest from the medical association (The NZMA Newsletter, part of the NZMJ this year includes many of the issues, bureaucracy, waiting lists, rationing, quotas that mean some areas cannot perform operations even though they have the personnel and facilities available so the waiting lists grow...). Guidelines for the use of expensive medicines in NZ are discussed in NZMJ 108: 38-40. Closure of some homes for the mentally handicapped and forced return to the community is being challenged in the Human Rights Commission; Christchurch Press (22 March), 1. For background on the purchaser-provider system used in UK, NZ, Australia and Finland see BMJ 310 (1995), 231-5.
On US health care costs and reforms, NEJM 332 (1995), 465-8, 542-3, 598-9, 602-3, 604-7, 742-7; JAMA 273 (1995), 656-62; Science 267 (1995), 599; Harvard Law Review 108 (1994), 381-436. Canadians are worried that changes to their health care system will have bad results, Lancet 345 (1995), 333-5. The UK funding dilemmas are discussed in Lancet 345 (1995), 399-401; BMJ 310 (1995), 419; and in Europe, BMJ 310 (1995), 214.
Some physicians are calling for the US to lift its embargo of Cuba, Scientific American (March 1995), 32-3. On health care reform in sub-Saharan Africa, SSM 40 (1995), 695-710; Lancet 345 (1995), 521-2; Zaire, SSM 40 (1995), 743-53; St Petersburg, Russia, SSM 40 (1995), 755-65. On global health issues, SSM 40 (1995), 725; Sociol. Health & Illness 17 (1995), 1-19. WHO is discussed in SSM 40 (1995), 731-42; BMJ 310 (1995), 474, 543-4, 583-6.
In Japan the proportion of drug costs of total health care expenditure is twice the UK and thrice the USA, Yomiuri Shimbun (26 May 1995), 26.
On the ethics and philosophy of health care reform, a series of papers are in IJB 6 (1995), 9-48;CQHE 4 (1995), 207-16. The California Proposition 187 to deny health care to illegal immigrants is discussed in NEJM 332 (1995), 1095-8. Fraud in health care is discussed in JAMA 273 (1995), 766; BMJ 310 (1995), 823-4. On methods to keep health care costs down, BMJ 310 (1995), 1042-9. Ethics of futility is discussed in BMJ 310 (1995), 683-4. On rationing, BMJ 310 (1995), 686, 1412-3; JAMA 273 (1995), 995-7.
On US Health Care debates: JAMA 273 (1995), 895, 1014, 1083-5, 1136-42, 1223-30, 1475-6, 1483, 1529-32, 1539-41; NEJM 332 (1995), 1164-8. A study suggesting the aging population may not cause a great increase in Medicare expenses is NEJM 332 (1995), 972-5, 999-1003, 1099-100. Health care systems in: Australia, BMJ 310 (1995), 1157-8, 1287; Brazil, BMJ 310 (1995), 1346-7; Canada, BMJ 310 (1995), 1285; Europe, BMJ 310 (1995), 1288; New Zealand, Lancet 345 (1995), 1038; South Africa, BMJ 310 (1995), 1182-5, 1254-6, 1307-11, 1397-9; SAMJ 85 (1995), 133-5; Taiwan, JAMA 273 (1995), 777+; UK, BMJ 310 (1995), 648-51, 1152-3, 1237-40, 1369; Lancet 345 (1995), 1061-2, 1251-2;Vietnam, JAMA 273 (1995), 1498-502. Developing countries issues are in BMJ 310 (1995), 1221.
A paper calling for justice to be the goal of medicine is BME 110 (1995), 13-5. The duties of a physician to patient and state are debated in Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 400-2. European health care systems and the welfare state are discussed in Insights on Global Ethics 5 (No.7, 1995), 1, 4-5, 7. The proceedings of a conference, The role of Bioethics in Health Care Policy broadening the bioethics agenda", 23-24 May, 1994, Washington, D.C. is available for a nominal fee or on-line free, from Steven Miles, Center for Biomedical Ethics, University Office Plaza, 221 University Ave S.E., Suite 110, Minneapolis, MN 55414-3074, USA.
On deciding health care resource allocations, Dispatches 5 (No.3, 1995), 1-3. Ethics and managed care, Elhauge, E. "Allocating health care morally", California Law Review 82 (1995), 1449-1544;Lancet 345 (1995), 1499; BMJ 310 (1995), 1655-9, 1671-2; 311 (1995), 208-9; JAMA 274 (1995), 205; NEJM 333 (1995), 50-2. A report on the impact of reforms is Benatar, S.R. & van Rensburg, H.C.J. "Health care services in South Africa", HCR 25 (July 1995), 16-21. Pekkanen, J. et al. "Social class, health behaviour, and mortality among men and women in eastern Finland", BMJ 311 (1995), 589. Jin, R.L. et al. "The impact of unemployment of health: a review of the evidence ", CMAJ 153 (1995), 529- 44. Mental health in low income countries is generally worse, Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 630-1; but in Israel at last it is being incorporated into the system with physical diseases, BMJ 311 (1995), 215. The Palestinian Authority has encouraged health insurance and lowered fees to attract more (seethe editorial), Lancet 345 (1995), 433.
The future of US Medicare and Medicaid is discussed in JAMA 274 (1995), 259-81; NEJM 332 (1995), 1727-31. The problems of adolescent access to health care in the USA is highlighted in JAMA 273 (1995), 1913-8, 1957-8; 274 (1995), 346-7. A discussion of Californian proposition 187 to obstruct medical care for Mexicans (illegal residents) is attacked in JAMA 273 (1995), 1641-3. Canadian health care, CMAJ 153 (1995), 321-6; and community participation in health care decision making, CMAJ 153 (1995), 421 -6. Health care reform in Alberta, CMAJ 152 (1995), 1861 -4; in Norway, JAMA 274 (1995), 120-4; in Cambodia, BMJ 311 (1995), 435-7; aboriginal health in Australia, MJA 163 (1995), 97-9. In The UK the British United Provident Association, a private insurer, is limiting intensive care, BMJ 311 (1995), 278. Also on UK health care, BMJ 311 (1995), 1421-2, 1484; 311 (1995), 1-2; Science 268 (1995), 1694.
The high costs of administration are discussed in JLME 23 (1995), 186-94. The costs of computerised medicine to primary care physicians are discussed in AJLM XXI (1995), 111-30.
Technology assessment and ethics are discussed in HCR 25 (5, 1995), 13-19. Managed health care is considered a threat to medical schools in the USA, and is opposed by the AMA, Nature 378 (1995), 117; NEJM 333 (1995), 1019-23; AJPH 85 (1995), 1347-9, 1350-1; JAMA 274 (1995), 712-5, 1135; Lancet 346 (1995), 958 and raises ethical issues, JAMA 274 (1995), 609-11. Two physician health care provider organisations have been warned of possible fraud charges in Lancet 346 (1995), 834. At least 72 doctors in only 6 states surveyed of the USA have earned more than a million dollars in 1992 for treating Medicare patients, BMJ 311 (1995), 646-7. There is a major debate in the USA including proposed increases in the payments by persons in Medicare, which has closed non-emergency services of the federal government in the middle of November, 1995; Lancet 346 (1995), 1089. A call for a tobacco tax to help supplement health care research spending is made from a US Republican senator in JAMA 274 (1995), 1077.
Jin, R.L. et al., "The impact of unemployment of health: a review of the evidence", CMAJ 153 (1995), 529-44. On care of the homeless, Lancet 346 (1995), 909-10; and poverty, Lancet 346 (1995), 955. Celebrity illness is discussed in Lancet 346 (1995), 517.
A discussion of when Japan will reform its national health insurance system, which has total population coverage now, but is under financial pressure which may alter the tax rate and proportion of medicine that is covered (It ranges from 0, 10, 20 to 30% for different persons in different schemes), is Lancet 346 (1995), 831-2. Rationing is called for in the UK to follow the examples of the Netherlands, New Zealand and Sweden, BMJ 311 (1995), 761-2. On methods to assess compassion and caring, Lancet 346 (1995), 456-7, 984. In general on health costs, NEJM 333 (1995), 589-90; JAMA 274 (1995), 999-1001; AJHG 57 (1995), 985-6; BMJ 311 (1995), 766. A Medicare plans caused outrage French health insurance debts, BMJ 311 (1995), 967. On the UK NHS, BMJ 311 (1995), 1076-79; Lancet 346 (1995), 624-5, 651, 683-4, 685; in Canada, CMAJ 153 (1995), 621-622; in China, SSM 41 (1995), 1041-1122+; in Russia, BMJ 311 (1995), 897; and in developing countries, NEJM 333 (1995), 950-1; Lancet 346 (1995), 561.
In New Zealand some hospitals were closing wards for several months because their annual quota of some types of operations had been performed, and there was not enough money given. There are waiting lists, including cancer patients, Christchurch Press (28 Dec 1995), 4. There have also been claims that doctors were gagged by a contract clause that said they should go through official channels for complaints so as not to alarm the public, Christchurch Press (20 Dec 1995), 3.
Managed care in health administration is discussed in HCR 25 (6, 1995), 5-12; and a series of papers on the ethical and legal issues is in J. Law, Medicine & Ethics 23 (1995), 221-83; also Hospital Ethics (July/Aug 1995), 1-4. The effect of money shortage on children is assessed in JAMA 274 (1995), 1429-35, 1468-71. A critique of income distribution and life expectancy is BMJ 311 (1995), 1121-3, 1282-5.
On US health care reform talk, Lancet 346 (1995), 111-2; JAMA 274 (1995), 1302-6, 1472-3, 1645-8; NEJM 333 (1995), 1213-4, 1219-21, 1326-30, 1348-9. A review of medical care in Japan is in NEJM 333 (1995), 1295-9; Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 985; and in the UK, BMJ 311 (1995), 1155-8, 1447-8, 1453-4; and Australia, MJA 163 (1995), 401-5, 458-71. In general on ethics and allocation, JME 21 (1995), 209-13; Modern Law Review 58 (1995), 867-78; Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 975; Sociology of Health & Illness 17 (1995), 495-524; J. Health Economics 14 (1995), 387-95; NS (7 Oct 1995), 50-1; J. Appl. Phil. 12 (1995), 215-29.
On the Chinese medical insurance, World Health Forum 17 (1996), 58-63; German health insurance deficit, BMJ 312 (1996), 75. Malnutrition results in numerous effects on mental development, SA (Feb 1996), 38-43. Gender effects in health can be complex and the result of discrimination, SSM 42 (1996), 75-89, 257-64, 617-24; as can ethnic treatment practices, JAMA 274 (1995), 1858-62. Willingness to pay for health care is debated in SSM 42 (1996), 305-11. On waiting lists, Lancet 346 (1995), 1570-1, 1605-9; and the growing gap between poor and rich in the UK, Lancet 347 (1996), 275. Rationing is debated in BMJ 312 (1996), 167-9; and on alternative care decisions, BMJ 312 (1996), 162-8.
A claim that jails are becoming substitute mental hospitals is AJPH 87 (1995), 1611-3. Also, Cullen C et al. "The effects of deinstitutionalization on adults with learning disabilities", J. Intellectual Disability Research 39 (1995), 484-94.
In general on health care costs, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 5; and on US health care reforms, NEJM 333 (1995), 1678-83, 1774-80; 334 (1996), 116-8, 131-5; JAMA 274 (1997), 1931-4; 275 (1996), 26-9: Lancet 347 (1996), 69.
A paper on suffering and society is Farmer, P. "On suffering and structural violence: A view from below", Daedalus 125 (1996), 261-83. A call to drop the term "mental" in disease in Africa is Lancet 347 (1996), 742-4; and on African primary care, Lancet 347 (1996), 600-1.
Methods to enable equal reporting of preventative health care and screening among ethnic groups in the UK is reported in BMJ 312 (1996), 614-7. Pringle, M. & Rothera, I. "Practicality of recording patient ethnicity in general practice: descriptive intervention study and attitude survey", BMJ 312 (1996), 1080-3. 1054-5.
Several papers on income inequality and mortality are in BMJ 312 (1996), 987-8, 999-1003, 1004-7, 1008-12. Public health research and lay knowledge are discussed in SSM 42 (1996), 759-68; and the role of the World Bank, Lancet 347 (1996), 411. On minority health care, JAMA 275 (1996), 736-7; NEJM 334 (1996), 859-60. Health care systems in the USA, Canada, Israel and the UK are discussed in papers in J. Health Sciences & Politics 20 (1996), 885-1050; on the USA, Lancet 347 (1996), 703; JAMA 275 (1996), 957-62; NEJM 334 (1996), 635-41; the UK, NEJM 334 (1996), 604-8; in New Zealand, SSM 42 (1996), 887-96; BMJ 312 (1996), 645; and in the former USSR, AJPH 86 (1996), 307-12; see also the paper in this issue of EJAIB. On rationing, BMJ 312 (1996), 670-4. Japan is trying to reduce the costs of prescription drugs, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 258.
Papers on the socioeconomic dependence of health are in AJPH 86 (1996), 486-550; NEJM 334 (1996), 1441-7. On the moral responsibility of health in the world, Lancet 347 (1996), 1197. A report on health needs of homosexuals in the USA is JAMA 275 (1996), 1354-9.
Private health care insurance is increasing the cost of Canadian health care, GEN (15 April 1996), 16-7. On ethics and US health care systems, KIEJ 6 (1996), 129-44, 145-60, 189-208; and the US health reform bills, Lancet 347 (1996), 1179, 1240-3, 1335; J. Medical Humanities 16 (1995), 93-104; NEJM 334 (1996), 1055-9, 1060-3, 1130-3, 1305-10. On the Netherlands health care system see Lancet 347 (1996), 1229-39; and on Europe in general, J.Med.&Phil. 20 (1995), 587-688. Cost effectiveness is studied in UK heart treatment facilities in BMJ 312 (1996), 1265-78.
`Judicial review of national health resources in the UK is discussed in Dispatches 6 (Summer 1996), 1-4; and on the UK NHS, Lancet 347 (1996), 1678-9. A review of the health effects of economic reform in China is NEJM 335 (1996), 400-6, 430-2. A review of the changing New Zealand health system is Lancet 347 (1996), 1825; and a new book is Green, DG. From Welfare State to Civil Society. Towards Welfare that works in New Zealand (NZ Business Roundtable 1996). Income and health is discussed in BMJ 313 (1996), 445-8, 449-54; and the public good in Philosophy East and West 46 (1996), 351-66. On economics of health, JAMA 276 (1995), 1802-4; 276 (1996), 329-30.
The USA passed new health insurance laws in August, after long years of debate, Lancet 348 (1996), 398; NEJM 335 (1996), 601-2. Also on US health care, JAMA 276 (1996), 50-5; NEJM 335 (1996), 56-8. A series of papers on Health Care Capitated Payment Systems is in AJLM XXII (1996), 167-387. Health care for some North American Indians is being aided by the formation of casinos and other ways to increase funds, JAMA 276 (1996), 1781-8; and on aboriginal health MJA 165 (1996), 126-7.
A review of Galbraith, JK. The Good Society: The Humane Agenda, (Sinclair-Stevenson 1996, £12.99, pp 152, ISBN 1-85619-509-0) is in BMJ 313 (1996), 1016. Papers on the philosophy of benefit include: Harris, J. "What is the good of health care?", Bioethics 10 (1996), 269-91; JAMA 276 (1996), 1088-91, 1096-7; NEJM 335 (1996), 744-6, 755-6. Resource allocation in cancer care is debated in papers in Health Care Analysis 4 (1996), 19-44.
Cost is discussed in Russell, LB. et al. "The role of cost-effectiveness analysis in health and medicine", JAMA 276 (1996), 1172-6. A Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, has released recommendations which define a "reference case" cost-effectiveness analysis, a standard set of methods to serve as a point of comparison across studies. The reference case analysis is conducted from the societal perspective and accounts for benefits, harms, and costs to all parties. A further paper with the recommendations is Weinstein, MC et al. "Recommendations of the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine", JAMA 276 (1996), 1253-8. The panel's methodological recommendations address (1) components belonging in the numerator and denominator of a cost-effectiveness (C/E) ratio; (2) measuring resource use in the numerator of a C/E ratio; (3) valuing health consequences in the denominator of a C/E ratio; (4) estimating effectiveness of interventions; (5) incorporating time preference and discounting; and (6) handling uncertainty. Recommendations are subject to the "rule of reason," balancing the burden engendered by a practice with its importance to a study. They suggest if researchers follow a standard set of methods in CEA, the quality and comparability of studies, and their ultimate utility, can be much improved. The third paper is Siegel, JE et al. "Recommendations for Reporting Cost-effectiveness Analyses", JAMA 276 (1996), 1339-1341.
On the US debate on public/private funding, JAMA 276 (1996), 640-6, 763, 777-8, 831-2, 823-8, 931, 1023, 1039-47, 1048-53, 1071-4, 1075-82, 1082-6; and in other countries in SSM 43 (1996), 637-66; the UK, Lancet 348 (1996), 815. Race and health care are discussed in NEJM 335 (1996), 791-9, 815-6; Science 273 (1996), 1805; BMJ 313 (1996), 760-1. Women's health status across cultures is discussed in SSM 43 (1996), 1063-73. People in lower socio-economic groups have more risky behaviour, JAMA 276 (1996), 792-7; and excess mortality, Lancet 348 (1996), 904, 909-12. On emergency medicine, Lancet 348 (1996), 868-71.
Health care was the most important issue in recent New Zealand elections, and the parties agreed to give Christchurch a heart surgery unit, showing the political nature of health. On Maori participation in the New Zealand health care system, Health Manager 3 (1996), 3-9, 23-5. Comparisons between changing health care systems in Brazil, China, The Netherlands and New Zealand are made, and their responses to AIDS, in J. Public Health Medicine 18 (1996), 254-88.
The use of oral health as a measure of quality of life in New Zealand is discussed as a model in SSM 43 (1996), 1213-22; also on the New Zealand health system, Health Law Journal 4 (1996), 87-118. A case of discrimination is documented in Kunitz, SJ. "The history and politics of US health care policy for American Indians and Alaskan Natives", AJPH 86 (1996), 1464-73, 1362-4. On inequality in health care, NEJM 335 (1996), 1614-5; BMJ 313 (1996), 1177-80. Public health and primary care links are recommended in AJPH 86 (1996), 1365-9.
The complex effects of managed care on the nurse workforce in the USA are assessed in JAMA 276 (1996), 1487-93. On HMOs, NEJM 335 (1996), 1601-4. Rationing health care, BMJ 313 (1996), 1499-500; NEJM 335 (1996), 1539-41. Lessons from the Oregon health care initiative are reviewed in JAMA 276 (1996), 1441-4. The Spanish government health problems and debts are the subject of political reform, Lancet 348 (1996), 1233. On the NHS, Lancet 348 (1996), 1043.
On the ethical issues, de Gooijer, WJ. "Hospital management and the ethical aspects of budgeting", IJB 7 (1996), 168-75; Latham, SR. "Regulation of managed care incentive payments to physicians", AJLM XXII (1996), 399-432; Health Care Analysis 4 (1996), 196-205; JAMA 277 (1997), 173, 347; AJPH 86 (1996), 1637-47. A series of papers on the theme "Can justice endure healthcare reform? From patient care to policy (and back again)" are in CQHCE 5 (1996), 480-578. Primary care,BMJ 314 (1997),154-5.
A series of papers on the association between social class and disease incidence is in BMJ 314 (1997), 38-42, 262-6, 541-6, 547-52, 553-7, 558-64, 591-9; AJPH 86 (1996), 1532-8. Aboriginal health is discussed in NatMed 3 (1997), 129; SSM 43 (1997), 427-8. On rationing, BMJ 314 (1997), 461, 503-14. Heart bypass surgery may be underused by blacks, NEJM 336 (1997), 480-86. On the health care system in Japan, NatMed 3 (1997), 12; New Zealand, BMJ 314 (1997), 86-7, 131-8; China, NEJM 334 (1997), 228-9. In general on health reform, JAMA 277 (1997), 193-8; NEJM 334 (1997), 218-20, 386-91, 447, 508-9.
The question of money is discussed in May, W. "Money and the medical profession", KIEJ 7 (1997), 1-14. Methods to measure inequalities in health are discussed in Sociol. Health & Illness 18 (1996), 455-75; SSM 44 (1997), 721-910; and on racial differences, Int. J. Health Services 26 (1996), 483-505; NS (12 April, 1997), 6; AJPH 87 (1997), 96-102, 263-7; BMJ 314 (1997), 618-9; JAMA 277 (1997), 672.
A book review of Amundsen, DW. Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996, US$40, ISBN 0-8018-5109-2) is in NEJM 336 (1997), 883-4. On a Jewish view of paying for medical care, KIEJ 7 (1997), 15-30. On ethics of health care, World Health Forum 17 (1996), 395-9. On rationing health care by age, BMJ 314 (1997), 820-5. A review of the economics of psychotherapy is Am. J. Psychiatry 154 (1997), 147-55.
The rationing debate in the UK NHS is in BMJ 314 (1997), 667-72, 1114-1125; Lancet 349 (1997), 859. On the UK NHS, Health Care Analysis 4 (1996), 309-331. A legal challenge to rationing hemophilia treatment with recombinant factor VIII was lost by a family with 4 boys with hemophilia in London, BMJ (1997), 695. The invasion of commerce into medicine is debated in McArthur JH. & Moore FD. "The two cultures and the health care revolution. Commerce and professionalism in medical care", JAMA 277 (1997), 985-9, 1004-5. US health care reform is discussed in JAMA 266 (1997), 421, 424, 560-3, 577-81, 636-41, 670-1, 920-1; Nature Medicine 3 (1997), 365; AJPH 87 (1997), 8-9, 12-4, 25-8; NEJM 336 (1197), 769-74, 798-9, 1013-4, 1018-20. A series of papers on health care in France is Lancet 349 (1997), 791-7; and in Cuba, AJPH 87 (1997), 15-20; New Zealand, Lancet 349 (1997), 862; and South Africa, NEJM 336 (1997), 891-5.
The question of money is discussed in May, W. "Money and the medical profession", KIEJ 7 (1997), 1-14. Methods to measure inequalities in health are discussed in Sociol. Health & Illness 18 (1996), 455-75; SSM 44 (1997), 721-910; and on racial differences, Int. J. Health Services 26 (1996), 483-505; NS (12 April, 1997), 6; AJPH 87 (1997), 96-102, 263-7; BMJ 314 (1997), 618-9; JAMA 277 (1997), 672.
A book review of Amundsen, DW. Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996, US$40, ISBN 0-8018-5109-2) is in NEJM 336 (1997), 883-4. On a Jewish view of paying for medical care, KIEJ 7 (1997), 15-30. On ethics of health care, World Health Forum 17 (1996), 395-9. On rationing health care by age, BMJ 314 (1997), 820-5. A review of the economics of psychotherapy is Am. J. Psychiatry 154 (1997), 147-55.
The rationing debate in the UK NHS is in BMJ 314 (1997), 667-72, 1114-1125; Lancet 349 (1997), 859. On the UK NHS, Health Care Analysis 4 (1996), 309-331. A legal challenge to rationing hemophilia treatment with recombinant factor VIII was lost by a family with 4 boys with hemophilia in London, BMJ (1997), 695. The invasion of commerce into medicine is debated in McArthur JH. & Moore FD. "The two cultures and the health care revolution. Commerce and professionalism in medical care", JAMA 277 (1997), 985-9, 1004-5. US health care reform is discussed in JAMA 266 (1997), 421, 424, 560-3, 577-81, 636-41, 670-1, 920-1; Nature Medicine 3 (1997), 365; AJPH 87 (1997), 8-9, 12-4, 25-8; NEJM 336 (1197), 769-74, 798-9, 1013-4, 1018-20. A series of papers on health care in France is Lancet 349 (1997), 791-7; and in Cuba, AJPH 87 (1997), 15-20; New Zealand, Lancet 349 (1997), 862; and South Africa, NEJM 336 (1997), 891-5.
A right to health in Indian law has emerged from some legal cases, Lancet 349 (1997), 1032. On analysis of health care practice, JAMA 277 (1997), 1152-5, 1552-7; BMJ 314 (1997), 1636-7; NEJM 336 (1997), 1317-20.
A survey by The Ministry of Health in Japan released in July found 18% of patients waiting in the hospital see the doctor for 3 minutes or less, and 48% see between 3-10 minutes. In June the Medical insurance payments in Japan changed, Yomiuri Shimbun (17 June 1997), 1. A survey in 1995 by Ministry of Health, of bedridden people in Japan found 27% looked after by spouse, 20% by child, 34% by spouse of child, 0.3% parents, other relation 4%, 7% relatives not living together, 7% other people, Yomiuri Shimbun (21 June 1997), 17.
On health care reform and systems in New Zealand, Lancet 349 (1997), 1481-2; BMJ 314 (1997), 1765; USA, NEJM 336 (1997), 1666-7; JAMA 277 (1997), 1517-8; NatMed 3 (1997), 589; Mount Sinai J. Med. 64 (1997), 71-111; the poor pay more in Thailand, SSM 43 (1997), 1781-90; China, BMJ 314 (1997), 1616-8; Curacao, SSM 45 (1997), 213-20; South Africa, Lancet 349 (1997), 1537-45; Spain, AJPH 87 (1997), 334-5; and in Australia, MJA 166 (1997), 376-7; JAMA 277 (1997), 1277-8. On French history, Nature 388 (1997), 35-6. Social inequality is discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 1271-4, 1341-5, 1404-7, 1472-5, 1545-9, 1724-8, 1751-5; Lancet 349 (1997), 1037, 1152, 1185, 1376, 1655-9, 1693-5; NS (19 April 1997), 51. Health in War is discussed in Lancet 349 (1997), 1259. On WHO, Lancet 349 (1997), 1639-40; BMJ 314 (1997), 1359-60, 1409-10.
A series of papers on structural changes and equity issues in managed care are in AJLM XXIII (2&3, 1997), 187-338. On ethics of managed care, JLME 25 (1997), 30-3; BMJ 314 (1997), 1823-6, 1895-8; 315 (1997), 92-5, 112-5; JAMA 277 (1997), 1810-3, 1850-1; 278 (1997), 20-2, 160-2; NEJM 337 (1997), 210-5; and universal health care access, KIEJ 7 (1997), 153-70.
In March 1997 the American Association of World Health (AAWH) published a report on the impact of the US trade embargo against Cuba on health care in Cuba, Kirkpatrick AF. "The US attack on Cuba's health", CMAJ 157 (1997), 281-4; Williams RC. "In the shadow of plenty, Cuba copes with a crippled health care system, CMAJ 157 (1997), 291-3. A once impressive health care system has now many drug shortages and equipment failures and the country faces food shortage and inadequate water. He also accuses the US State Department of trying to mislead the real impact of the embargo, and there was debate in the US Congress, Lancet 349 (1997), 1896.
The UK NHS is discussed in Lancet 349 (1997), 1915; 350 (1997), 48-58; BMJ 314 (1997), 1775-6, 1781, 1901-2, 1906-7; 315 (1997), 75, 202-3; Taiwan universal health insurance, JAMA 278 (1997), 89-93; US Medicare, NEJM 337 (1997), 169-75, 192-4, 352-5; JAMA 278 (1997), 329-33; J. Health Economics 16 (1997), 453-81; and the New Zealand system of GP budgets, BMJ 314 (1997), 1844-5, 1890-4. On health care dilemmas in India, Lancet 350 (1997), 286-7; and Nepal, SSM 45 (1997), 441-7.
On the ethics of cost setting, Roemer, JE, Theories of Distributive Justice (Harvard University Press 1996, 340pp.); McKneally MF. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 13. Resource allocation", CMAJ 157 (1997), 163-7; BMJ 314 (1997), 1916; JAMA 277 (1997), 1931-3; AJPH 87 (1997), 916-7; SSM 45 (1997), 507-656. The mortality of patients refused admission to ICUs is reviewed in Lancet 350 (1997), 2, 7-12. Methods to measure inequality are reviewed in SSM 45 (1997), 761-71. Psychotherapy can reduce costs of disability, JAMA 278 (1997), 12-3.
On ethics of health care rationing, Humane Health Care International 13 (2, 1997), 9-10. On auditing, BMJ 315 (1997), 668-71. Mental health suffers in the homeless also, BMJ 315 (1997), 536-9. The health of the poor is lower, SSM 45 (1997), 1121-7; Lancet 350 (1997), 516-8; and also there is a link to social production functions someone has, SSM 45 (1997), 1051-63. Sanctions damage health also, NEJM 337 (1997), 642-4. On world health, BMJ 315 (1997), 497; Lancet 350 (1997), 749-51. Fundholding shortens the waiting times in the UK, BMJ 315 (1997), 290-2.
On health care in China, Lancet 350 (1997), 451; USA, JAMA 278 (1997), 514-7, 686, 720-3; NEJM 337 (1997), 651-5, UK, BMJ 315 (1997), 501, 624; Lancet 350 (1997), 753. Homicide is expensive, as a study in New Zealand shows, SSM 45 (1997), 973-7.
A series of papers on the Women's Health Movement are in Reproductive Health Matters 10 (1997), 6-123. Danish Council of Ethics (1997), Priority-Setting in the Health Service, in 1997 Annual Report pp. 21-118.
A series of 12 papers under the theme of Ethical challenges in managed care is in KIEJ 7 (1997), 321-426. A paper arguing that managed care means damaged ethics is Health Care Analysis 5 (Sept 1997), 252-8; also see Christian Bioethics 3 (1997), 55-73. On the dangers of market control of health delivery, HCR 27 (Nov. 1997), 17-22. On the right to health, Gabriel, AA. "A constitutional right to health in India: Rhetoric or reality?", Law and Medicine 3 (1997), 17-49. A report on the ill health of Canada's aboriginal peoples is in CMAJ 157 (1997), 1655-6. There is widening gap between rich and poor person's life expectancy in the UK, BMJ 315 (1997), 1563; and in the world, World Health Forum 18 (1997), 106-60; BMJ 315 (1997), 1389-90. Also on disadvantages of poverty in health, NEJM 337 (1997), 1247-8, 1889-95; Lancet 350 (1997), 883-5, 1162-3, 1369, 1557-8, 1584-9; BMJ 315 (1997), 764, 875-8, 1006-9, 1130-5, 1172-3; JAMA 278 (1997), 1446-7, 1489-91, 1494.
On the system of using HMOs, AJLM XXIII (1997), 487-510. Also on US health care, JAMA 278 (1997), 917-21, 949, 971-2, 1001-7, 1102-9, 1191-5, 1412-7, 1456-7, 1533-7, 1555-62, 1608-12, 1617-21, 1620-5, 1670-6, 1677-81, 1733-4; NEJM 337 (1997), 1000-3, 1008-9, 1395-6, 1779; AJPH 87 (1997), 1595-6, 1607-10, 1611-9, 1626-9; NatMed 3 (1997), 1057; Africa, BMJ 315 (1997), 1444-6, 1562; China, BMJ 315 (1997), 835; and in Iraq, BMJ 315 (1997), 1474-5. On rationing in the UK, Lancet 350 (1997), 1305; BMJ 315 (1997), 1231-2, 1305-6, 1479-80; in France, BMJ 315 (1997), 895-6, 943-6; in Sweden, BMJ 315 (1997), 935-9; and NZ, Lancet 350 (1997), 1152. On the Japanese health care insurance system, JAMA 278 (1997), 1310-4. Dying is to blame for increased costs, not old age, Lancet 350 (1997), 1159-60.
A series of 8 papers on the theme, difference and the delivery of healthcare is in CQHE 7 (1, 1998), 1-89. It includes social class, religion and disability. A paper on efficiency and health is Monash Bioethics Review 17 (1, 1998), 12-21. On the Canadian court case, Waldman v. British Columbia, Health Law Review 6 (1998), 24-34. On income inequality and health care, SSM 46 (1998), 567-79; JAMA 279 (1998), 330-1; AJPH 87 (1997), 1921-2; BMJ 316 (1998), 100-6; aboriginal health, MJA 167 (1997), 554-5. Rationing in Australia is discussed in MJA 168 (1998), 52-3; and in the UK, BMJ 316 (1998), 410; and in general on the ethics, Nursing Forum 32 (4, 1997), 25-33. Also on health costs, Nursing Management (Dec 1997), 34-7; Lancet 351 (1998), 140-1; NEJM 338 (1998), 398-9, 476-7; JAMA 279 (1998), 211-6; SSM 46 (1998), 357-67, 425-35; BMJ 316 (1998), 6. Global learning, BMJ 316 (1998), 385-8.
A report from a conference looking at the ethical issues in the future of health care held in London is Anderson, J. & Fears, R., Hard Choices. Shaping public science policy for the new millennium, SmithKline Beecham 34pp., 1998, from a meeting at the Royal College of Pathologists, 5-6 Nov, 1997. A series of comments on the ill effects of poverty on health and the environment are in a supplement to Economist (21 March 1998). Poverty is more hidden in rural areas than urban, BMJ 316 (1998), 722. On the growth of civil society in developing countries, Lancet 351 (1998), 514-7, 586-90, 665-9, 819-22, 899-902; Benatar, SR. "Global disparities in health and human rights: A critical commentary", AJPH 88 (1998), 295-300, 301-3; SSM 46 (1998), 995-1009; and in general, JAMA 279 (1998), 745-6; SSM 46 (1998), 785-98, 1017-25. New Zealanders have been given time to comment on a new code of social responsibility. On the allocation of resources to the aged and dementia, NZMJ 110 (1997), 466-8. A study of social inequality in New Zealand is NZMJ 111 (1998), 66-70. A report in New Zealand called the Stern report has criticized patient safety at Christchurch Hospital and the way it was managed, Christchurch Press (2 April, 1998), 6-8. On the problems in Australian health care funding, The Bulletin (31 March 1998), 18-21; MJA 168 (1998), 286-91; and on specifically aboriginal health, Lancet 351 (1998), 765.
On health insurance in the USA, JAMA 279 (1998), 501-4, 663-8, 703-4; NEJM 337 (1998), 513-9, 541+, 767-8, 769-70. A description of the US Indian health care system is in AJPH 88 (1998), 193-5. Supplemental health insurance is possible in Israel, SSM 46 (1998), 821-9. A call for a healthier nation in the UK is made in BMJ 316 (1998), 487-8, 899-902. On gender and health, SSM 46 (1998), 641-59. France is attempting to reduce drug spending, Lancet 351 (1998), 656. The idea of rewarding high performing health care teams is made in BMJ 316 (1998), 569, 891. Brazil has record health care spending, Lancet 351 (1998), 655. A new journal is Health Care Management Science <http://www.baltzer.nl/hcms> from the Netherlands.
On ethics and health care, University of Chicago Law Review 65 (1998), 345-64. On US health care costs, J. Health Policy, Politics and Law 23 (1998), 53-106; 291-390;GenEng News 18 (July 1998), 6, 33; NEJM 337 (1998), 1307+, 1317-20, 1635+, 1855-6, 1888-95; Lancet 351 (1998), 1071, 1639; BMJ 316 (1998), 1805-8, 1965-9; and poverty in the USA, Int. J. Health Sciences 28 (1998), 1-28; AJPH 88 (1998), 345-6, 364-70; NEJM 337 (1998), 1734-40, 1761-2. On managed care, AJPH 88 (1998), 874-5; BMJ 316 (1998), 1251; JAMA 279 (1998), 908-10. The responsibility of individual physicians is discussed in J. Health Economics 17 (1998), 129-51. There are calls for broader public discussion of the proposed New Zealand Health Funding Authority rationing proposals, The Dominion (6 July), 1. On health care in Russia, AJPH 88 (1998), 755-8; Ireland, AJPH 88 (1998), 745-8; Australia, MJA 168 (1998), 42-3; BMJ 316 (1998), 1113; Brazil, Lancet 351 (1998), 1568; and UK BMJ 316 (1998), 1177.
Indoor air quality in Indian urban slums leads to respiratory disease, Environmental Health Perspectives 106 (1998), 291-7. Aborigines have excess renal disease, MJA 168 (1998), 532-3, 537-41; Lancet 351 (1998), 1363. Measurement of individual welfare can be used to determine social welfare, J. Health Economics 17 (1998), 39-52. Papers on socioeconomics and health include, SSM 47 (1998), 1-74; AJPH 88 (1998), 347-9; BMJ 316 (1998), 1013-4, 1176, 1279-82, 1456-60, 1529, 1572-6, 1631-5, 1636-42, 1663-5, 1762-3, 1970-3; JAMA 279 (1998), 1703, 1745-6; Lancet 351 (1998), 1009-14. On global issues and WHO, Science 280 (1998), 1187; AJPH 88 (1998), 727-9; JAMA 279 (1998), 1931-2; BMJ 316 (1998), 1113, 1553, 1819-23; Lancet 351 (1998), 1219; Economist (9 May 1998), 93-4; NS (23 May 1998), 3; (20 June 1998), 51. On women's health, NEJM 337 (1998), 1320, 1678-83; BMJ 316 (1998), 1468.
A series of papers on moral issues in the provision of health care are CQHE 7 (1998), 233-68; BMJ 317 (1998), 53-4, 197-9; NEJM 339 (1998), 397-8; Ethics & International Affairs 12 (1998), 179-200; J. Clinical Ethics 8 (1998), 230-41. Views of different students on the health care system are in SSM 47 (1998), 1043-9. On the UK NHS, MJA 169 (1998), 71-2; Lancet 352 (1998), 1; BMJ 317 (1998), 1-5, 37-75, 97, 224-5, 357, 429; Australia, BMJ 317 (1998), 55-6; Burma, Lancet 352 (1998), 556; China, BMJ 317 (1998), 431; Croatia, AJPH 88 (1998), 1156-60; Egypt, Lancet 352 (1998), 123; the Netherlands, BMJ 317 (1998), 111-5; Russia, BMJ 317 (1998), 312-8; Uzbek, Lancet 351 (1998), 1867; and the US system, JAMA 279 (1998), 1254-8; Lancet 351 (1998), 1971. A study of how Chinese Americans use US health care is Health & Social Work 23 (1998), 136+. Racial differences are discussed in Nursing Research 47 (1998), 243-50. On Canadian-US comparisons, JAMA 280 (1998), 599-600. On access to health care and income, NEJM 339 (1998), 50-2; AJPH 88 (1998), 1074-80; BMJ 317 (1998), 115-9, 245-52, 255. The delivery of health care should be measured, JAMA 279 (1998), 1769-70; 280 (1998), 659-64; Medical Care 36 (1998), MS1-146; NEJM 339 (1998), 402-3; Lancet 352 (1998), 163; SSM 47 (1998), 911-26; CMAJ 159 (1998), 399-402.
Primary health services should be related to social services, BMJ 317 (1998), 122-5, 186-9; SA (August 1998), 23-4. On the changes in WHO, Lancet 352 (1998), 300; BMJ 317 (1998), 229, 296, 302, 492-4; NatMed 4 (1998), 762-3. On women's health, AJPH 88 (1998), 1017-8; CMAJ 159 (1998), 336-362; and children's rights, Lancet 351 (1998), 1955. A series of papers on health in the Andes is SSM 47 (1998), 989-1042.
A discussion of managed care is in HCR 28 (July-August 1998), Special Supplement S1-18; JLME 26 (1998), 100-115; BMJ 317 (1998), 959, 1000-2; 1124; JAMA 280 (1998), 1006-8; Lancet 352 (1998), 589, 1244. Teaching of hospital costs is needed, JAMA 280 (1998), 1015-9. Canadian health care is discussed in JLME 26 (1998), 138-48; and health care in Japan, Health Care Analysis 6 (1998), 141-9; Lancet 352 (1998), 798; UK, BMJ 317 (1998), 942-4, 1067-9; Lancet 352 (1998), 1479; Israel, BMJ 317 (1998), 1005-7; Russia, BMJ 317 (1998), 741-4; Poland, BMJ 317 (1998), 769; and USA, JAMA 280 (1998), 822-4, 921-8, 931-3, 1182-3; BMJ 317 (1998), 917-21; SA (Oct. 1998), 31. There are two tiers of doctors in France, JAMA 280 (1998), 1099+.
The broad benefits of health care are discussed in Health Care Analysis 6 (1998), 99-105; Singer PA, Mapa J: Ethics of resource allocation: Dimension for healthcare executives. Hospital Quarterly 1 (4, 1998): 29-31; BMJ 317 (1998), 1002-4, 1099, 1146-8; Science 281 (1998), 245-6. On health among the poor, Lancet 352 (1998), 605-9, 810-3, 1365, 1439, 1451. A new book is Glasa, J. & Klepanec J.R., eds., Health Care Under Stress. Moral Integrity in Time of Scarcity (Institute of Medical Ethics and Bioethics, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia, 1998, ISBN 80-88743-20-6, 145pp.). It discusses the moral issues in Eastern Europe. On ethics of paying doctors, NEJM 337 (1998), 689-93; JAMA 280 (1998), 825-6. On selling non-health related products by doctors, JAMA 280 (1998), 563.
On the need for epidemiology to make just health risks, Public Health 112 (1998), 287-8; Lancet 352 (1998), 1627, 1759; BMJ 317 (1998), 1469-70. Also on unjust health care distribution, MJA 169 (1998), 405-6, 508-9, 528-33; Supplement (19 Oct. 1998), S4-16; SA (Jan. 1999); Lancet 352 (1998), 1706-7, 1910; JAMA 280 (1998), 1717, 1744-5; NatMed 4 (1998), 1445-7; AJPH 88 (1998), 1603-4; World Health Forum 19 (1998), 235-43; BMJ 317 (1998), 1283-6, 1395, 1444-6, 1465-6, 1471, 1659, 1686; NEJM 339 (1998), 1644-5; SA (Jan. 1999), 19. The UK Human Rights Act will allow challenges if treatment is refused by a hospital, BMJ 317 (1998), 1339. On Chagas disease, Lancet 352 (1998), 1865. Gains in life expectancy from medicine are discussed in NEJM 339 (1998), 1943-4. A grandmother has a positive role in family health, BMJ 317 (1998), 1685. In Japan patients tend to get discharged on good days according to the calendar, Hira, K. et al. "Influence of superstition on the date of hospital discharge and medical cost in Japan: retrospective and descriptive study", BMJ 317 (1998), 1680-3.
A call against hospital privatization in Australia by nurses is Aust. Nursing J. 6 (Sept. 1998), 20-2; also Lancet 352 (1998), 1995. Decreased lengths of stay have negative effects on psychiatric patients also, Amer. J. Psychiatry 155 (1998), 905-9. Waiting lists tend to increase, MJA 169 (1998), 453-4; J. Public Health Medicine 20 (1998), 247-8. Papers on managed care are in Lancet 352 (1998), siv17; JAMA 280 (1998), 1739-40; Bioethics Outlook 9 (No. 3, Sept. 1998), 1-16; NEJM 339 (1998), 1516-21, 1697-8; 1925-6; and on accountability, JAMA 280 (1998), 1733-4. On Canadian health care, CMAJ 159 (1998), 1395-403; Egypt, Lancet 352 (1998), 1632; UK, BMJ 317 (1998), 1167-8, 1361-5, 1463, 1651-2; and the USA, JAMA 280 (1998), 1539, 1789-93, 1961; NEJM 339 (1998), 1933-8; AJPH 88 (1998), 1721-6; BMJ 317 (1998), 1513-7. On developing countries health, Lancet 352 (1998), 1777-9. Pets also have increased mortality in poorer families, BMJ 317 (1998), 1671-3.
The question of patient dumping is discussed in ASLME Briefings (Spring 1999), 3-7. A recent report on the future of health care in the UK is Fears, R. & Poste, G. "Radicalism, rationalizing or rationing - what does the UK want from research in the science base and health service?", the Fifth Annual SmithKline Beecham Science Policy Symposium, 28pp. 1999, ISBN 1-869835-90-5). The results of a focus group study in the UK is Dolan, P. et al. "Effect of discussion and deliberation on the public's views of priority setting in health care: focus group study", BMJ 318 (1999), 916-9. Also on priorities of patients, BMJ 318 (1999), 277; and perceptions of medical need, NEJM 340 (1999), 229-32. On ethics and health technology assessment, Monash Bioethics Review 18 (No. 2, April 1999), 15-24.
The WMA Declaration of Ottawa is on The right of the child to health care, BME 145 (Feb. 1999), 9-11; and in general on child or prenatal care, AJPH 89 (1999), 497-501; BMJ 318 (1999), 642-6; JAMA 281 (1999), 1273-4. Papers on the World Bank's role in health are in BMJ 318 (1999), 822-3, 865-9, 933-6, 1003-6. Universal emergency access to medicine is discussed in CQHE 8 (1999), 213-25. The WHO has launched Vision 2020:A Right to Sight program, Lancet 353 (1999), 820. On disabled persons' access, AJPH 89 (1999), 524-8; BMJ 318 (1999), 476-7. Australian aboriginals are about twice as likely to report health problems as others, Lancet 353 (1999), 568. Also on race and health, AJPH 89 (1999), 308-14; NEJM 340 (1999), 972; Lancet 353 (1999), 765; BMJ 318 (1999), 616-7; and social inequality, BMJ 318 (1999), 724-7, 954-5; Lancet 353 (1999), 143-4, 154, 387; Science 283 (1999), 707; SSM 48 (1999), 859-972; Bulletin WHO 77 (1999), 48-9; Philosophy & Public Affairs 27 (1998), 225-47; JAMA 281 (1999), 361-7.
Male and female doctors have different cooperative language usages, BMJ 318 (1999), 576-9. On women's rights: Cook, RJ. "State Accountability for Women's Health", IDHL 49 (1998), 265-79; AJPH 89 (1999), 399-407; Nature 397 (1998), 282; 398 (1999), 361. A paper on sexual harassment in university employees is AJPH 89 (1999), 358-63. On gender and health, J. Health & Social Behavior 40 (1999), 17-31; Lancet 353 (1999), 477. Sex differences in suicide trends in England and Wales are noted in Lancet 353 (1999), 556-7.
Health promotion is discussed in BMJ 318 (1999), 590-2. On health competition, MJA 170 (1999), 266-8; JAMA 281 (1999), 446-53, 644-9, 1087-92, 1093, 1127-8; NEJM 340 (1999), 327-32, 403-8, 488-92, 584-8, 928-36, 1110-2, 1131-5; Lancet 353 (1999), 247. Health care costs continue to rise, but more in the USA, SA (April 1999), 36. Viagra is considered a botched case for rationing, BMJ 318 (1999), 273-4. The prices of some drugs in Hungary are rising 30%, BMJ 318 (1999), 556. On health care in Russia, Lancet 353 (1999), 337. The effects of medical research on health care are discussed in Science 283 (1999), 36-7.
Managed care can affect professionalism, HCR 29 (March 1999), 7-13; also NEJM 340 (1999), 1445. On primary health care, Health Care Analysis 6 (1998), 330-40. In the UK it has been advised that GPs must explain to patients if they are removed from waiting lists, BMJ 318 (1999), 1309. On the UK NHS, BMJ 318 (1999), 1092, 1302-3, 1155-6. Wealth is related to cancer survival, BMJ 318 (1999), 1163. Continuity of care may be lost, NEJM 340 (1999), 1362-4. On justice and ethics, Philosophy & Public Affairs 27 (1999), 251-91.
The WHO agenda is discussed in SA (June 1999), 28-9; Lancet 353 (1999), 1863; BMJ 318 (1999), 1305; Science 284 (1999), 911. Medical services are still declining in Iraq, Lancet 353 (1999), 1861; and on health in India and Pakistan, BMJ 318 (1999), 1132-5; New Zealand, BMJ 318 (1999), 1346-9; Sweden, BMJ 318 (1999), 1156-7; and USA, NEJM 340 (1999), 1503-6.
On the ethics of cost-effectiveness analysis in medicine, HCR 29 (May-June 1999), 7-15; JAMA 282 (1999), 171-4. Also on ethics of health policy, HCR 29 (May-June 1999), 16-23. On priorities in the Caribbean see HCR 29 (July-August 1999), 23-7. Health care dilemmas in small communities are discussed in HCR 29 (July-August 1999), 28-37. Ethical issues in serving the poor are discussed in Lancet 354 (1999), 167-8, 259-60; BMJ 319 (1999), 144, 277, 319, 454-5; JAMA 281 (1999), 2035-40, 282 (1999), 96-7; Bulletin WHO 77 (1999), 537-43; Nature 400 (1999), 521-2; Ethics & International Affairs 13 (1999), 143-50; AJPH 89 (1999), 893-8, 1003-8; SSM 49 (1999), 371-82; MJA 170 (1999), 295-6; NEJM 341 (1999), 58-61. Ethics in indigenous health research is discussed in MJA 170 (1999), 433-6; SSM 49 (1999), 1035-50. On use of dialysis, and organ transplants and age, Lancet 354 (1999), 467-70; SSM 49 (1999), 1169-82; BMJ 318 (1999), 1619; 319 (1999), 309-12. Age discrimination is discussed in Issues in Medical Ethics 7 (Dec. 1999), 118-20. On justice and equal opportunities for research, Bioethics 13 (1999), 392-404; NEJM 341 (1999), 1359-67. Health care is described as a basic human right in KIEJ 9 (1999), 245-284; but not in BMJ 319 (1999), 321. The physician as a health care proxy is discussed in HCR 29 (Sept 1999), 14-9. The ideal of universal care is discussed in JAMA 281 (1999), 2076-7; BMJ 319 (1999), 953-7, 1087. Limits to health care and the child B case in the UK are discussed in BMJ 319 (1999), 1258-61. In a theme issue, there are a series of papers on new technologies in a range of medical specialties to discuss the impact of technology on the practice of medicine, CMAJ 161 (1999), 1093-1172.
Developing countries health is discussed in Lancet 354 (1999), 1005, 1477, 1565, 1710; JAMA 282 (1999), 630-1; BMJ 319 (1999), 845-8, 878-81, 1265, 1568-9; SA (Nov. 1999), 114-9. On Oct. 15, 1999 the international medical relief organization Medecins Sans Frontires (MSF) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, CMAJ 161 (1999), 1221. Ecology and health among the poor are discussed in BMJ 319 (1999), 1031-4, 1034-7. The global burden of mental disorders is discussed in AJPH 89 (1999), 1315-8. On behavioural economics, PNAS 96 (1999), 10575-7; and health economic uncertainty, BMJ 319 (1999), 635-8. Medical professionalism is discussed in NEJM 341 (1999), 1612-5. Japan is considering the costs of caring for elderly persons, Lancet 354 (1999), 844, 1709. On health care in Australia, MJA 170 (1999), 438-40; 171 (1999), 231-2, 407-10; Germany, Lancet 354 (1999), 1103, 1712; Iraq, Lancet 354 (1999), 53; India, Lancet 354 (1999), 929, 1118, 1535; New Zealand, BMJ 319 (1999), 708-9; South Africa, AJPH 89 (1999), 1505-8; UK, JAMA 282 (1999), 384-5; BMJ 319 (1999), 179-84, 203-4, 528-30, 936, 1262-4; Taiwan, BMJ 319 (1999), 1162; USA, NEJM 340 (1999), 1916-20; 341 (1999), 444-6, 917-21, 1235-7; Lancet 354 (1999), 351. In general on managed care, JAMA 281 (1999), 2045; 282 (1999), 261-6, 630; NEJM 340 (1999), 1922-3; 341 (1999), 420-6, 616-7, 702; Lancet 354 (1999), 1037-8; SSM 49 (1999), 1529-39. On social factors affecting health, BMJ 319 (1999), 215-20. On womenfs health, AJPH 89 (1999), 1474-6. Racial differences in survival of cervical cancer are discussed in O&G 94 (1999), 509-15; and in lung cancer, NEJM 341 (1999), 1198-205, 1231-3; also SSM 49 (1999), 1623-36. A book review on being a black physician in the USA is NEJM 341 (1999), 1480; JAMA 282 (1999), 1293. Ethical issues are discussed in Yeo M, et al. "Incorporating ethics in priority setting: a case study of a regional health board in Canada", Health Care Analysis 7 (1999), 177-94. A series of papers on costs are in J. Law & Med. 7 (1999), 117-229. Ration roulette is discussed in NS (20 Nov. 1999), 18-9. Socioeconomic inequality in health is discussed in BMJ 319 (1999), 1356-8, 1426-9, 1453, 1469-70; J. Health Economics 18 (1999), 605-22; Texas Law Review 77 (1999), 1603-1750; AJPH 89 (1999), 1800-6; NEJM 341 (1999), 2021-2; SSM 50 (2000), 255-70. Economics and end of life care is discussed in JAMA 282 (1999), 2076-7; BMJ 319 (1999), 1350-2, 1353-5, 1379, 1450-1, 1496-7.Canadian health care is discussed in Downie J, Caulfield T (eds): Canadian Health Law and Policy. Toronto and Vancouver: Butterworths, 1999; Gordon M, et al. "The ethics of health-care systems: Contrasting Canada and the United States", Annals RCPS C 32 (1999), 267-71. About half of US internists lie to insurance companies to make sure their patients get the medical care they think is needed, Lancet 354 (1999), 1743; JAMA 282 (1999), 1675, 1678-9. On the NHS, BMJ 319 (1999), 1287, 1449-50, 1490-2; and US health care, NEJM 341 (1999), 1768-9, 1940-1, 1945-8, 2029-32; JAMA 282 (1999), 1619-21. Jordan is refoming health care, Lancet 354 (1999), 1979.
A call for Taiwan to be included
in WHO is Lancet 354 (1999), 2157. On the role of the UN,
Newsweek (Special Millennium Issue 1999), 11; and international
health care, AJPH 89 (1999), 1795-7. Papers on the role
of the World Bank in health care are in SSM 50 (2000),
163-184. The role or primary care physicians is discussed in NEJM
341 (1999), 1980-5, 2008-10.
Health care as a human right is discussed in Dispatches 9 (No. 3, January 2000), 12-13. On global access to drugs, JAMA 283 (2000), 321-3; MJA 172 (2000), 8. Society and ethics is discussed in Monash Bioethics Review 19 (January 2000), 14-22. On gender and health, SSM 50 (2000), 365-85. Income and health is discussed in NEJM 342 (2000), 221; JAMA 282 (1999), 227-34; 283 (2000), 99-104, 602-5; SSM 50 (2000), 307-8, 663-71, 861-78; Public Health 113 (1999), 201; AJPH 90 (2000), 64-9, 70-77; Lancet 355 (2000), 386, 504-5; Lancet 354 (1999), 2000 Supplement 19-20.
The determinants of mortality in Bangladesh are discussed in SSM 50 (2000), 763-71. Keeping patients out of hospital is liked by patients and by the system, BMJ 320 (2000), 262-3. US health care spending accelerated in 1998, BMJ 320 (2000), 203. On the NHS, BMJ 320 (2000), 197-8.
;A survey of views of the poor on how they pay for health care is American Anthropologist 101 (2000), 761-82. Poverty and health is discussed in BMJ 320 (2000), 453, 898-902; JAMA 283 (2000), 1069-70. Racism is discussed in BMJ 320 (2000), 657; NEJM 342 (2000), 1094-1100, 1045-7; Lancet 355 (2000), 906. Physical access to health care in Bolivia is surveyed in SSM 50 (2000), 1177-88.
;The question of liability of insurance companies under the Americans with Disabilities Act, California Law Review 88 (2000), 607-51. Unsupervised nurses may soon give anesthetics in the USA, BMJ 320 (2000), 959. On nursing priorities, Lancet 355 (2000), 1111. Japan may allow foreign nurses to look after the elderly, BMJ 320 (2000), 825. The question of when to send the elderly home is discussed Canadian Nurse (March 2000), 27-30. The length of stay after heart attack is discussed in NEJM 342 (2000), 749-55, 808-9. Health care services for low-incidence anomalies are often insufficient or unfunded, MJA 172 (2000), 201-2. A survey found a third or more of US physicians manipulate the reimbursement rules for patients, JAMA 283 (2000), 1858-65, 1881.
;A comparison of health and wealth of nations is Science 287 (2000), 1207-9. A new book is Flood C. International Health Care Reform: A Legal, Economic, and Political Analysis. London: Routledge, 2000. A book review on Pricing Life is NEJM 342 (2000), 1059-60.
The WHO ranking of world healthcare is available through the WHO www site, also see, NS (24 June 2000), 12. One in six children in the world live in relative poverty, BMJ 320 (2000), 1621. On mortality decline in G7 countries, Nature 405 (2000), 789-92. Justice and managed care are discussed in HCR (May 2000), 8-16. On ageism, BMJ 320 (2000), 1076-7, 1422; NEJM 342 (2000), 1409-15. Ethical issues are discussed in JAMA 283 (2000), 3128-9. Inequal care is discussed in JAMA 283 (2000), 2451-2, 2579-84; BMJ 320 (2000), 1151, 1200-4, 1286-7, 1303-7, 1399-400, 1594-6; AJPH 90 (2000), 841-2, 917-23; Bull. History Medicine 74 (2000), 107-37. Humanitarian crises are discussed in BMJ 320 (2000), 1216. There is an information gap North-South, Lancet 355 (2000), 2231-6, 2284. On Iraq's children, Lancet 355 (2000), 1837, 1851-7.
On Canadian healthcare, Health Law Journal 7 (1999), 141-92. The issues of reimbursing telephone health advice are discussed in Health Law Review 9 (2000), 3-12; and on patient satisfaction, BMJ 320 (2000), 1517-20. The future of employment based insurance in the USA is discussed in HCR (May 2000), 17-25. On the USA health care system, JAMA 283 (2000), 2161-2, 2163-7; AJPH 90 (2000), 900-8; and Canada, NEJM 342 (2000), 2007-12. Life expectancy in Okinawa is discussed in SSM 51 (2000), 115-22; and Japanese health goals were not met, Lancet 355 (2000), 2227. Cost benefit analyses are discussed in JAMA 283 (2000), 2116-20; 2158-60. On inequalities in health and health care, KIEJ 10 (2000), 109-28; Economics & Philosophy 16 (2000), 1-19; Health & Place 6 (2000), 67-79, 81-93; Lancet 356 (2000), 177, 437; MJA 172 (2000), 434-8; J. Public Health Med. 22 (2000), 1-2, 161-6; Sociology of Health & Illness 22 (2000), 110-36, 401-14; Dickens BM: Equity and the health effects of urbanization. The Philosophy of Medicine 2000; 177-94. On global health, Lancet 356 (2000), 495-9; Flood, CM. International Health Care Reform (Routledge 2000). France heads the WHO table of health systems, BMJ 320 (2000), 1687; 321 (2000), 191-2. NHS is discussed in BMJ 321 (2000), 317-8. Spain will charge elderly for drugs, BMJ 321 (2000), 10. From Pakistan, AJPH 90 (2000), 1235-40; and health care systems in transition in Asia, J. Public Health Med. 22 (2000), 1-47. There should be limits to the demand for health care, BMJ 321 (2000), 40-5. Managed care and ethics is discussed in MJA 172 (2000), 607-11. Futility is discussed in NEJM 343 (2000), 293-5. A comparison is Gordon M, et al. "The ethics of health-care systems: contrasting Canada and the United States", Annals RCPSC 32 (2000) 267-72. On hospital futility policies, CQHE 9 (2000), 524-31. A paper on trust in managed care organizations is KIEJ 10 (2000), 189-212. Setting priorities for waiting lists is discussed in CMAJ 163 (2000), 857-60. Global health is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 839, 1093-8, 1285, 1355-6, 1527; BMJ 321 (2000), 775-6; SA (Nov 2000), 120-1; and trends in rapidly changing countries, SSM 51 (2000), 809-19, 979-89, 1351-61. On USA health debates, NEJM 343 (2000), 1118-21, 1184-9; SSM 51 (2000), 639-56; JAMA 284 (2000), 1670-6, 2034-6, 2053, 2061-9, 2100-18, 2325-33, 2374-5. On health care systems in Russia, NEJM 343 (2000), 1424; SSM 51 (2000), 1283-1324; Thailand, SSM 51 (2000), 789-807. Health care and solidarity in Bosnia and Herzegovina are discussed in Croatian Medical J. 41 (2000), 287-93; Spanish, Lancet 356 (2000), 1503; and Australia, MJA 173 (2000), 1-52; New Zealand, MJA 173 (2000), 423-6; Japan, Lancet 356 (2000), 1251. Strengthening health research in developing countries is addressed in BMJ 321 (2000), 813-7; Lancet 356 (2000), 1043-5. Medical migration is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 1196-8. On inequality and indigenous persons, SSM 51 (2000), 1001-5; AJPH 90 (2000), 1531-9; Lancet 356 (2000), 1011; MJA 173 (2000), 173-4. On justice, Nilstun, T. “Priority setting, justice, and health care: Conceptual analysis”, Croatian Medical J. 41 (2000), 375-7; BMJ 321 (2000), 1361-2. The effects of ethnic group on health are discussed in AJPiH 90 (2000), 1694-8; 1771-4, 1827-33; BMJ 321 (2000), 1400-2. On the World Health Report, Lancet 356 (2000), 1598-601, 2077, 2195; and global equity, BMJ 321 (2000), 1124; JAMA 284 (2000), 2864; Lancet 357 (2001), 1. Access to drugs and medical equipment is discussed in Lancet Perspectives 356 (2000), s5-6, s32, s35-36, s50. On child mortality, Bulletin WHO 78 (2000), 1173-91. Gender differences are discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 3022-7; BMJ 321 (2000), 1087; Lancet Perspectives 356 (2000), s65-6; SSM 52 (2001), 179-87. Racial differences in access to renal transplantation are discussed in NEJM343 (2000), 1537-44; also in Australia, Lancet 356 (2000), 1830.; Social class and income are discussed in SSM 52 (2001), 157-9, 481-91; BMJ 321 (2000), 1311-5, 1532-3, 1547-51; Lancet 356 (2000), 1828. Prison has serious impact on health, BMJ 321 (2000), 1406-7.Health care in Germany is discussed in BMJ321 (2000), 1094-5; and Russia, NEJM 343 (2000), 1424. Managed care is discussed in AJPH 90 (2000), 1823-6. Rationing is discussed in JAMA284 (2000), 2776-9; BMJ 321 (2000), 1356. On US care, Lancet 356 (2000), 1744-5; NEJM 343 (2000), 1934-41; AJPH 90 (2000), 1848-55. Japan has asked older persons to contribute more to their health care costs, Lancet 356 (2000), 2075. Setting priorities for new technology, BMJ 321 (2000), 1316-8. The WTO may accelerate privatisation of health systems, Lancet 356 (2000), 1995-2000. On China’s health, Bulletin WHO 78 (2000), 1296-305; SSM 52 (2001), 279-92.
A call for more honest healthcare rationing in the UK is BMJ 322 (2001), 316. A review of the health care system in Pakistan is AJPH 91 (2001), 13-4, 93-8. The quality of hospital care for seriously ill children in developing countries is reviewed in Lancet 357 (2001), 86, 106-10. On inequity in Brazil, Lancet 357 (2001), 370. Tibetan children face many problems, NEJM 344 (2001), 341-7. WHO has some successes, JAMA 285 (2001), 283. There may always be a shortage of ICU beds so policy is needed, MJA 174 (2001), 114-5. On US medical markets, SSM 52 (2001), 651-2; JAMA 285 (2001), 421-9. Use of data on race is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 297-303, 337-8; AJPH 91 (2001), 49-54, 118-21. On Australian health care, MJA 174 (2001), 21-4; and Slovenia, Croatian Medical Journal 42 (2001), 18-23.
On poverty, SA (March 2001), 62-7; and on health and poverty, JAMA 285 (2001), 200-6; SSM 52 (2001), 763-81; BMJ 322 (2001), 254, 334-5; AJPH 91 (2001), 277-83; also on US wealth, SA (Feb. 2001), 18. US doctors can no longer refer patients to organizations in which they have a financial interest, BMJ 322 (2001), 72. A study has found patient visits are not getting shorter in the USA, NEJM 344 (2001), 198-204. In general on health care, BMJ 322 (2001), 222-5, 243. Papers on the right to health care are in IJB 11 (2000), 11-56. A review of the proposed UK Health and Social Care Bill is in BME 164 (Jan. 2001), 8-9. A special report on "Does inequality matter?", is in Economist (16 June 2001), 22pp. Supplement. Measuring the performance of health systems is discussed in Bulletin WHO 79 (2001), 489. On global health inequality, BMJ 322 (2001), 591-4. World Health Day (7 April) is discussed in AJPH 91 (2001), 551-2. Rationing is discussed in MJA 174 (2001), 472-3, 641-2; JAMA 285 (2001), 2078-9; AJPH 91 (2001), 351-3; Nature 410 (2001), 652-3. QOL may influence resource allocation, Lancet 357 (2001), 978. Whether research ethics can learn from rationing is discussed in JME 26 (200), 417-8. A discussion from a legal perspective is Kaplow, L. & Shavell, S., "Fairness versus welfare", Harvard Law Review 114 (2001), 967-1388. On equity, J. Health Economics 19 (2000), 553-83; Int. J. Health Care Services 30 (2000), 661-74. Aging populations mean increased demand for critical care, JAMA 285 (2001), 1016-7; BMJ 322 (2001), 734-5; J. Health Economics 19 (2000), 679-95. Global equity is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 629-30, 1321-2; Lancet 357 (2001), 1524-5. Child poverty is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1137-8. On unemployment and bad health, SSM 53 (2001), 293-303; and on poverty and ill health, BMJ 322 (2001), 748-9, 786-9, 830-1, 1233-6, 1375-6; SSM 52 (2001), 999-1005, 1371-90; 53 (2001), 265-75; JAMA 285 (2001), 2650; AJPH 91 (2001), 1013-5, 1033-41, 1142-3; Int. J. Health Care Services 30 (2000), 435-51; Health and Place 6 (2000), 275-85; 7 (2001), 57-61. There is said to be extreme need for aid in Afghanistan, Lancet 357 (2001), 1769. The ethics of economic sanctions are debated in The Ecologist 31 (May 2001), 24-7. On health care for displaced populations, JAMA 285 (2001), 1212; Lancet 357 (2001), 713-4. Africa is also crushed by the debt burden, and they cannot escape this burden unless debts are cancelled, Lancet 357 (2001), 611. On the UK NHS standards of care, BMJ 322 (2001), 851-4, 1078-9, 1197, 1257-8, 1381. The UK health and social care bill is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1345. The BMA may take legal measures over barriers to private practice, BMJ 322 (2001), 507. A plan to end age discrimination in NHS is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 751. US managed care is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 2622-8; NEJM 344 (2001), 1087-92, 1483-4; Modern Healthcare (25 June 2001), 28-32, 39. Ethics of the shortage of doctors at US public hospitals are discussed in HCR 31 (March 2001), 31-6. Consumer choice and managed care are debated in AJLM 27 (2001), 1-16. Medicare is discussed in NEJM 344 (2001), 928-31. In general on US health care, NEJM 344 (2001), 673, 679-84, 766-9, 847-52; BMJ 322 (2001), 572; Lancet 357 (2001), 782; AJPH 91 (2001), 385-91. Papers on the issue of competition in health care markets are in J. Health Politics, Policy and Law 25 (2000), 863-978. Health care is one of the issues in Japan, Lancet 357 (2001), 1509. Long term health care insurance in Japan is described in Japan Echo (June 2000), 28-33. New Zealand health sector reforms are discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1171-4; SSM 52 (2001), 1233-42; J. Health Politics, Policy and Law 25 (2000), 815-44. A study of health among older adults in Thailand is SSM 52 (2001), 1297-311. The dark side of Taiwan's economy is discussed in Int. J. Health Care Services 30 (2000), 699-716. The North Korean public health tragedy is reported in Lancet 357 (2001), 628-30. Health care in Bulgaria is being reformed, Lancet 357 (2001), 695. The future of Albanian health care is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1047. Managed care in Latin America is being introduced, SSM 52 (2001), 1243-53. Many foreigners are going to Cuba because of its good health care, BMJ 322 (2001), 1198. Social deprivation and psychiatric care is discussed in SSM 53 (2001), 1-8. A report on the bad situation of mental health care in Ghana is Lancet 357 (2001), 1859. On economics of moral hazard, J. Health Economics 20 (2001), 283-8. Racial differences in health care are reported in JAMA 285 (2001), 1837; NEJM 344 (2001), 1351-7, 1358-65, 1392-5, 1443-9; AJPH 91 (2001), 1046-55; J. Health and Social Behavior 41 (2000), 295-313. Discrepancies in US Indian health care are discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1810; JAMA 285 (2001), 3029-30. Problems in Aboriginal health in Australia are reported in MJA 174 (2001), 201-2, 488-90, 507-11; 175 (2001), 4-5, 10-3. Rural practice is difficult to attract women doctors, JAMA 285 (2001), 3078-9. On women's health, JAMA 285 (2001), 1508-9. Result based compensation for medical payment is discussed in JLME 29 (Summer 2001), 170-181. Inequality and health costs is discussed in Lynch, J. et al. "Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations", Lancet 358 (2001), 165, 194-200; Health & Place 7 (2001), 67-74; SSM 53 (2001), 441-53, 519-29; Int. J. Health Care Services 31 (2001), 213-37; J. Health Politics, Policy and Law 26 (2001), 1-21, 487-542; NEJM 345 (2001), 134-6; BMJ 323 (2001), 120-1, 175-6. On employment and health, SSM 53 (2001), 477-85. Improved housing can improve health significantly, BMJ 323 (2001), 187-90. It is difficult to reach marginalized children, BMJ 323 (2001), 176-7. The example of access to an expensive drug, donepril, in the NHS is used to look at equity in the UK, BMJ 323 (2001), 222-4. The need to extend patient time for effective medical consultations (and bioethics) is discussed in BMJ 323 (2001), 266-8. A WHO study on the relative ranking of health care systems efficiency is in Evans, DB. et al. "Comparative efficiency of national health systems: Cross national econometric analysis", BMJ 323 (2001), 307-10; 295-6. On reform of the WHO, Int. J. Health Care Services 31 (2001), 415-38. New Zealand disputes its low ranking in the WHO health system efficiency table because of the high education ranking which was used to place it from 26th to 81st in the ranking of 191 countries, Otago Daily Times (14 August 2001), 22. A discussion of methods is SSM 53 (2001), 801-16. A global health fund is called for in Lancet 358 (2001), 1; BMJ 323 (2001), 152-4, 239. Health in Afghanistan is falling in Lancet 358 (2001), 301. Improving standards in international humanitarian response is called for JAMA 286 (2001), 531-2. A Norwegian study of how professionals set norms for health is Sociol. Health & Illness 23 (2001), 357-85. On the UK NHS and trusts, BMJ 323 (2001), 89-92, 177-8, 249; Lancet 358 (2001), 45; NEJM 345 (2001), 305-8. European health care policy is discussed in BMJ 323 (2001), 248. The US has voted to make it easier for US consumers to import low cost drugs from overseas, BMJ 323 (2001), 130. Medicare reform is discussed in NEJM 345 (2001), 456-60. A discussion between US and Chinese health care leaders on challenges of the 21st century is JAMA 286 (2001), 659-61. Drug pricing in the Baltic states is discussed in Lancet 358 (2001), 260. Social medicine in Latin America is discussed in Lancet 358 (2001), 315-23. On the rationing of health care, Lancet 358 (2001), 81. Managing public payment for high-cost, high-benefit treatment in the case of enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher's disease in Ontario, is reported in CMAJ 165 (2001), 595-6. The number of patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher's disease as of December 2000, 20 Ontario patients were receiving reimbursement for this therapy from the Ministry of Health. However, over the past 3 years, the unit cost of the enzyme (imiglucerase) has remained relatively constant. The total drug costs have leveled off at approximately $3.2 million per year, principally because the number of patients receiving reimbursement for treatment has stabilized. A review of the World Health Report 2000 is BMJ 323 (2001), 678-81; Lancet 358 (2001), 929; Science 293 (2001), 1595-6. Economics, equity and ethics in health care are discussed in 12 papers in JME 27 (2001), 217-283; also Lancet 358 (2001), 833-6; SSM 53 (2001), 1149-62. Poverty and health is reviewed in NatMed. 7 (2001), 991-2; BMJ 323 (2001), 409-10. Waiting times from abnormal breast screen to diagnosis in 7 Canadian provinces is reported in CMAJ 165 (2001), 277-83. On variation in hospital death rates, NEJM 345 (2001), 692-4. On private health care in developing countries, BMJ 323 (2001), 463-4. On problems in long term health care insurance in Japan, Lancet 358 (2001), 647, 1016. China's rural health care is said to be getting worse, Lancet 358 (2001), 567. The use of genomics for equity is discussed in Singer, PA. & Daar, AS. gHarnessing genomics and biotechnology to improve global health equityh, Science 294 (2001), 87-9. The ethics of rationing is discussed in New Zealand Bioethics J. 2 (Oct. 2001), 3-6; Lancet 358 (2001), 1660; NEJM 345 (2001), 1857-8; Oxford J. Legal Studies 21 (2001), 443-71. Bioethics of using expensive technology in an unjust world is discussed in HCR 31 (Nov. 2001), 3440. On the WHO ranking of health care systems, Science 294 (2001), 1832-3. The WHO has called for quadrupled drug donations to the developing world, Nature 415 (2002), 1. Jewish and Catholic approaches to access to health care and rationing are reviewed in KIEJ 11 (2001), 317-36. On the global drug industry, Newsweek (19 Nov. 2001), 44-5; NS (20 Oct. 2001), 50-3; (24 Nov. 2001), 4; Lancet 358 (2001), 1471. Also see the Patenting section for a report on the WTO meeting. Standards of care in emergency relief are discussed in BMJ 323 (2001), 740-2. On global health care, BMJ 323 (2001), 504-6, 1074; Lancet 358 (2001), 1348, 1915. Asylum seekers and health care is discussed in MJA 175 (2001), 587-602. On meeting the needs of the chronically ill, BMJ 323 (2001), 945-6. Kenya has launched a universal health insurance scheme, Lancet 358 (2001), 1884. A paper on views of Japanese public health nurses on providing long term health insurance to elderly persons is Nursing Ethics 9 (2002), 67-79. A discussion of health insurance in India is Lancet 358 (2001), 1555-6. On patient preferences, JAMA 286 (2001), 1455+, 1506-8. A UK survey found patients wait longer in emergency units than 5 years ago, BMJ 323 (2001), 953. Lack of health care access leads to declined health, NEJM 345 (2001), 1106-12, 1612-20, 1701-4; JAMA 286 (2001), 1732-9; BMJ 323 (2001), 616-20, 962-6, 967-8; 1398-401; Lancet 358 (2001), 950, 993-8; SSM 53 (2001), 915-25. On race and health, NEJM 345 (2001), 1471-3. Gatekeeping may not be so important for use of specialty services, NEJM 345 (2001), 1312-7, 1342-3. On health care in Canada, BMJ 323 (2001), 926-9; SSM 53 (2001), 1611-9; Lancet 358 (2001), 526, 648; Denmark, SSM 53 (2001), 1023-36; and USA, JAMA 286 (2001), 1576-7; and Australia, Lancet 358 (2001), 569. Cost effectiveness of prescribing statins is discussed in MJA 175 (2001), 459-64. Older age should not be a barrier to cancer treatment in the USA if cost effectiveness is considered, NEJM 345 (2001), 1128-9; JAMA 286 (2001), 1349-55, 1762-3. On economics of surgery, Lancet 358 (2001), 1077-81. The ethics of health care rationing are discussed in JLME 30 (2002), 82-7. A Jewish and Catholic approach to rationing is discussed in KIEJ 11 (2001), 317-36.A report from nursing in Hungary is BME 182 (Oct. 2002), 13-16. A series of papers on the implications of health sector reforms on sexual and reproductive health service sin different countries are in Reproductive Health Matters 10 (Nov. 2002), 6-143. The duty of doctors and hospitals to provide emergency medical care is discussed in CMAJ 166 (2002), 465-9. Costs get higher when older persons become more dependent, AJPH 92 (2002), 1244-5.
Papers that discuss WHO policy and issues for new leadership are in Lancet 359 (2002), 1605-11, 360 (2002), 1108-12, 1751-3, 1797-8; 361 (2003), 2-7, 170-3; BMJ 325 (2002), 1251-2, 1294-8, 1355-61. On health policy in Asia, SSM 55 (2002), 2074-9. Health inequality is discussed in NatMed. 8 (2002), 89; Lancet 360 (2002), 1619, 1690-5, 1691-3, 1794; BMJ 325 (2002), 704-7; NEJM 347 (2002), 953-4. The global burden of disease is discussed in Lancet 360 (2002), 582-3, 1342-4. On equity in China, SSM 55 (2002), 1779-94; and Brazil, Lancet 360 (2002), 1488.
Fair benefits from research for developing countries are discussed in Science 298 (2002), 2133-4; SA (Jan. 2003), 24-5. On globalization and health, BMJ 324 (2002), 44-52. Luxury medical care is discussed in NEJM 347 (2002), 1165-8.
Papers on health equity in several countries are presented in Health Policy and Planning 17 Supplement Dec. 2002, 1-84; and inequity in the poor in Tanzania in Lancet 361 (2003), 540-1, 561-6. Gender bias in medical studies is discussed in JAMA 289 (2003), 397-400. Racial and ethnic biases are discussed in SSM 55 (2002), 2017-31; AJPH 92 (2002), 1895-9; 93 (2003), 189, 191-208, 277-84; JAMA 289 (2003), 360. Employment discrimination and health is discussed in AJPH 93 (2003), 226-31.
The role
of hospitals in health funding is discussed in Lancet 361 (2003), 1110.
Uninsured people strain the USA health system, Lancet 361 (2003), 938. Health insurance problems in Turkey
are discussed in Turkish J. Medical Ethics, Law and History 11 (2003), 8-11. Papers on health sector reform and
equity are in Health Policy and Planning 17 (Suppl. 1; Dec. 2002), 1-84.
Dementia is becoming a
major problem in the developing world also as populations age, Lancet 361 (2003), 888-9, 909-17. WHO issues are discussed
in Lancet 361 (2003), 876-7. On
the bioethics program in WHO, Issues in Medical Ethics 11 (2003), 47-8.
Internet
A paper in Italian looking at the way the Internet is changing the role of the doctor is in Bioetica e Cultura 23 (2003), 11-34.
A US Supreme Court case on insurance is HCR 33 (July 2003), 10-11. A series of papers on equity, healthcare and development in French are in IJB 14 (March 2003), 15-207. Life expectancy gaps in socio classes are widening, BMJ 327 (2003), 68. Socioeconomic inequalities in morbidity among the elderly in Europe are reviewed in SSM 57 (2003), 861-73. UN plans to help poor people are discussed in Lancet 362 (2003), 131.
On biotechnology-based health care needs for India, NISTADS NEWS 5 (April 2003), 9-15. The ethics of nurse migration from the developing world to richer countries is discussed in Nursing Ethics 10 (2003), 666-70. An editorial on poverty and terrorism is in BME 190 (2003), 1.A report on US health disparities is Science 303 (2004), 451. Futility is discussed in Nursing Ethics 11 (2004), 77-83.
Ethics and globalization with regard to infectious diseases are discussed in TDR News 71 (Feb. 2004), 13.
The question of whether to pay physicians for
high quality care is discussed in NEJM
350 (2004), 406-10. A study of patient preferences for paying for docetaxel
treatment is in Pharmacoeconomics 22
(2004), 375-87.
On
healthcare reform in Canada, CQHE 13
(2004), 221-5. Healthcare ethics in Finland is discussed in CQHE 13 (2004), 236-40. A study of nurses'
attitudes towards homeless clients is in Nursing
Ethics 11 (2004), 334-48. Inside
countries there is wide distribution of health, Asada, Y. & Ohkusa, Y.
"Analysis of health-related quality of life (HRQL), its distribution, and
its distribution by income in Japan,
1989 and 1998", SSM 59
(2004), 1423-33. Widening participation to medicine is discussed in BMJ 328 (2004), 1433-6, 1508-9; SSM 59 (2004), 1661-76. Health in Asia is discussed in BMJ 328 (2004), 1497-9. Gender discrimination in medical
doctors is discussed in Lancet 364
(2004), 555-6. Health equity is discussed in JAMA 292 (2004), 269-71; Bulletin WHO 82 (2004), 482; NEJM 350 (2004), 1486-8. On health economics, Pharmacoeconomics 22 (2004), 551-68, 691-700. Global health and
scientific research is discussed in Philosophy & Public Affairs 32 (2004), 36-65.
A review
paper is Sankar, P. et al. "Genetic research and health disparities", JAMA 291 (2004), 2985-9. Choice and equity are discussed
in BMJ 328 (2004), 1389-90. Aging
and health care costs in Australia
are discussed in MJA 180 (2004),
581-3. International wealth and disparity is discussed in Nature 429 (2004), 601, 616-7. The UN millennium development
goals are challenging, BMJ 329
(2004), 394-7. Humanitarian efforts are discussed in BMJ 329 (2004), 398-400; JAMA 292 (2004), 629-33; Lancet 364 (2004), 562-4, 611. UK prime minister Tony Blair
has pledged 150 million pounds to support and protect AIDS orphans, BMJ 329 (2004), 187. Social networks have been neglected
in medical care and trials so research should be conducted, BMJ 329 (2004), 184-5. On the economics of severe sepsis,
Pharmacoeconomics 22 (2004),
793-813.
Discussions
on the healthcare system include:
China, Bulletin WHO 82 (2004),
532-8; south-east Europe, Bulletin WHO 82 (2004), 539-46; Hungary, Lancet 363 (2004), 1957-60; New Zealand, MJA 181 (2004), 106-7; BMJ 329 (2004), 51;
Poland, Lancet 364 (2004),
235-7; Russia, Lancet 363 (2004), 2150; UK, BMJ 329 (2004), 61-2, 128, 303-5; MJA 181 (2004), 128. The UK chief medical officer has
said that many unnecessary blood transfusions are performed, BMJ 329 (2004), 308. In the USA health is an election
issue, Lancet 363 (2004), 1837. On
migration of health care workers to rich countries, Bulletin WHO 82 (2004), 560-1, 587-94, 595-600, 601-7. Indian
hospitals are attempting to seek foreign patients to boost resources, BMJ 328 (2004), 1338. Asylum seekers are discussed in Lancet 363 (2004), 1904; BMJ 328 (2004), 1548-52.
Papers on
the relationship between access to health care and health include BMJ 329 (2004), 318-21; SSM 59 (2004), 1339-53, 1355-65. A study on the
utilization of well-baby visits in Taiwan under national health insurance is SSM 59 (2004), 1647-59. The financing of China's health
care is discussed in Bulletin WHO
82 (2004), 480. Healthy lifestyles in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are discussed
in SSM 60 (2004), 1409-21.