Macer, D., Jones, G., Kirton, A., Nicholas, B. & Bezar, H. (1994) "Professional ethics: workshops on science and ethics in New Zealand", Agricultural Science 7, 42-49.
Leavitt, F.J. Ethics and the Israeli University lectures' strike; International program in Jewish Bioethics EEIN 4 (1994), 30.
Macer, D. Editorial: How (bio)ethical are bioethicists? EEIN 3 (1993), 43-4.
Macer, D. Re: How (bio)ethical are bioethicists? Responses to the July Editorial - ; replies from 12 people and journals. EEIN 3 (1993), 357-60.
Blasszauer, B. Progress of the IAB Network on corruption EEIN 4 (1994), 45.
Nicholson, R.H. Ethical citations in writing papers EJAIB 5 (1995), 86.
Goldsmith, J.R. Where the trail leads... Ethical problems arising when the trail of professional work lead to evidence of cover-up of serious risk and mis-representation of scientific judgement concerning human exposures to radar EJAIB 5 (1995), 92.
Benbasat, J. Commentary: Statistical significance vs. Clinical Importance: What is in a term? EJAIB 5 (1995), 94.
Leavitt, F.J. Whistle-blowing: Commentary on Goldsmith EJAIB 5 (1995), 95.
Are philosophers immune from ethics? - Frank J. Leavitt, Ph.D. , EJAIB 6 (1996), 29-30.
Commentary on Leavitt - Masahiro Morioka, EJAIB 6 (1996), 30.
Ethics, morals, and drama - Yaman Ors MD, D.Phil., EJAIB 6 (1996), 69-70.
Frank Leavitt's Questionable Claims - Haim Marantz, Ph.D., EJAIB 6 (1996), 70.
Can Anyone Own Truth?: A Reply To Morioka, Marantz, and Ors - Frank J. Leavitt, Ph.D.., EJAIB 6 (1996), 70-1.
Blood Bath Ethics in Educational System - Jayapaul Azariah, , EJAIB 7 (1997), 7-8; Commentary on Azariah - Masahiro Morioka , EJAIB 7 (1997), 8.
Intellectual Ignorance - Kazuo N. Watanabe EJAIB 9 (1999), 108.
On the so-called Scientific Ethics - Yaman Ors EJAIB 9 (1999), 162-3.
What has ethics got to do with research? - K.P. Kochhar EJAIB 9 (1999), 163-4.
Commentary on Ors, and Kochhar: Scientific Ethics and TRT5 - Jayapaul Azariah EJAIB 9 (1999), 164-6.
Whose English Language? - Yeruham Frank Leavitt , EJAIB 10 (Nov 2000), 185.
Darryl Macer, Editorial: Science and Culture EJAIB 16 (Jan. 2006), 1.
Declaration Of Gijón Against The Use Of Biological Weapons EJAIB 16 (Jan. 2006), 2-3.
K. K. Verma, Scams in Science EJAIB 16 (Jan. 2006), 3-4.
Darryl Macer, Report of the UNESCO New Delhi Consultation Meeting on Codes of Ethics in Engineering and Sciences EJAIB 16 (July 2006), 110-5.
Darryl Macer, Report of the UNESCO Bangkok Consultation Meeting on Codes of Ethics in Engineering and Sciences EJAIB 16 (July 2006), 115-23.
Bangkok Declaration on Ethics in Science and Technology - COMEST 4th session, EJAIB 16 (Nov. 2006), 192-3.
Dakar Declaration - COMEST 5th session, EJAIB 16 (Nov. 2006), 193-5.

A 7 year court battle in Hong Kong has resulted in the world's first legal decision finding a scientist guilty of plagiarism; Nature 366 (1993), 715. The battle was over the unauthorised use of a questionnaire by a researcher in the same department.

The misconduct charges against Robert Gallo in the US have been withdrawn following a decision against misconduct on Popovic, Nature 366 (1993), 95-6, 191; BMJ 307 (1993), 1377; JAMA 270 (1993), 2665-6; Science 262 (1993), 981-83, 1202-3; Lancet 342 (1993), 1289. There are a number of questions about the effectiveness of the Office of Research Integrity itself. Future policy is discussed in Science 262 (1993), 20-2. However, the French still want the patent situation where royalties are split to be changed to recognise the French as the first discovers. What is encouraging however is the wide coverage of the issue in the academic press, suggesting the issue is reaching more people and making them think about ethics.

Another US misconduct case in Michigan is reported in Science 262 (1993), 23, 1812-3; and another in American Scientist 81 (1993), 407-411. The question of expert testimony in US law cases, and scientific evidence is discussed in HCR 23(5) (1993), 26-8. In the UK, The General Medical Council has reversed its earlier decision, and said that it will fund investigations of fraud claims against medical trial data; BMJ 307 (1993), 1164. However, even the role of the General medical Council in reviewing medical negligence may be replaced by a government group, BMJ 307 (1993), 954-5. Data torturing is discussed in NEJM 329 (1993), 1196-9.

A review of the decision made by the US supreme court last year on what criteria should be used to judge the validity of scientific evidence, is J.A. Gold et al., "Daubert v. Merrell Dow. The Supreme Court tackles scientific evidence in the courtroom", JAMA 270 (1993), 2964-7. A book review on the subject of being an expert witness is Nature 367 (1994), 696-7.

The survey revealing apparent awareness of misconduct in science in the USA reported last issue is J.P. Swazey et al., "Ethical problems in academic research", American Scientist 81 (1993), 542-53. A method to assign authors credit is in E. Digiusto, "Equity in authorship: A strategy for assigning credit when publishing", SSM 38 (1994), 55-8. A book review on the subject of fraud in research is JAMA 271 (1994), 322-3. Conflict of interest is discussed in Nature 367 (1994), 401.

A report on the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) in the USA is in Science 263 (1994), 20-22, 593. The ORI was established to look at misconduct and has a budget of US$4 million a year and has looked at a number of cases. The status includes 22 cases closed with a finding of misconduct, 23 closed with no finding of misconduct, and a number of investigations currently underway. An out of court settlement in a 10 year old investigation in the courts of misconduct is reported in Science 263 (1994), 605.

A review of scientific misconduct cases and biological sciences is L.S. Rothenburg, "Scientific misconduct - not just someone else's problem", TIBTECH 12 (1994), 35-9. We really don't know how common misconduct is, but personally in a rather short scientific life I already know three cases of persons that have been involved in serious incidents of misconduct, two of which escaped reporting in the academic press. A chapter on workshops on this topic is in the new book, Bioethics for the People by the People.

Two engineers have gone to court in the US to sue against what they see were unfair reviewers comments on grant applications, Science 263 (1994), 747. In Britain peer review is also being changed, Nature 368 (1994), 85-6. Authorship order is discussed in JAMA 271 (1994), 438-42, 469-71. Conflicts of interest are discussed in BMJ 308 (1994), 4-5, 471-2; JAMA 271 (1994), 547-51; NEJM 330 (1994), 503-4. A journal with a number of papers is J. Business Ethics. General comments are in CMAJ 149 (1993), 923-4; BMJ 308 (1994), 283-4; NEJM 330 (1994), 861-2.

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has cleared H. Needleman of charges that he skewed data on the effects of lead on children's intelligence, Science 263 (1994), 1363. The fraud in a US breast cancer trial, reported above, is causing changes in the review of research, BMJ 308 (1994), 809-10; Science 263 (1994), 1679. The case was disclosed in a newspaper, The Chicago Tribune; however the ORI had reported some of it last year. More on the ORI, Science 263 (1994), 593, 605; Nature 368 (1994), 1-2. The National Academy of Sciences has also warned that ethics standards are slipping; Science 263 (1994), 747.

The fraud case involved in a breast cancer study has caused general suspicion of scientists in the USA; New Scientist (28 May 1994), 14-5; (2 April), 9; NEJM 330 (1994), 1458-61; Science 264 (1994), 499, 1534-41; Nature 369 (1994), 515; Lancet 343 (1994), 908, 1029, 1089; BMJ 308 (1994), 936-7, 1243; JAMA 271 (1994), 1205-7. The NIH has increased its monitoring of future trials. There has been accusation of fraud in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study, another NIH trial, Science 264 (1994), 647.

The difficulties of misconduct definitions are discussed in Nature 369 (1994), 261-2, 513; PNAS 91 (1994),, 3479-80. A general paper on scientific fraud is in Science & Christian Belief 6: 61-4. Conflict of interest rules, including patent royalties, have been settled in Stanford University, Nature 368 (1994), 787. Comments on conflict of interest include BMJ 308 (1994), 1301; Amer. J. Med. 96: 375-80, 381-2. See also the Halcion case, in the Drug safety section above.

Professional medical courtesy is the subject of letters in NEJM 330 (1994), 1085-6. The UK General Medical Council has struck 3 general practitioners off the registered list following misconduct, including one who had extra blood samples taken for people not in the study. Unfortunately this practice, is not punished in many parts of the world! Also see Science 264 (1994), 1530; Nature 369 (1994), 433.

As discussed also in the AIDS and patent sections, France and the USA have adjusted the royalties on the patents, recognising the greater French contribution, though the USA said it did not admit any misconduct was involved, Nature 370 (1994), 85; Newsweek (25 July), 44; Science 265 (1994), 23-5, 313.

A general review is H.N. Nigg & G. Radulescu, "Scientific misconduct in environmental science and toxicology", JAMA 272 (1994), 168-73. The agenda of the ORI in misconduct is in Science 264 (1994), 1841; Lancet 343 (1994), 1627. The ethical issues in Kaposi's sarcoma case publication are said to challenge the ability of peer review to correct itself, JAMA 271 (1994), 1769-71.

Peer review is reviewed in a report by the US General Accounting Office, reviewed in Science 265 (1994), 863. The main problems they identified were a lack of junior members on review panels, a gender-biased with women getting lower scores, and that reviewers applied "unwritten or informal criteria" in review. The NIH has urged the streamlining of bids, Nature 370 (1994), 170. Also on peer review, BMJ 309 (1994), 143-4; and a series of papers in JAMA 272 (1994), 91-151. The balance between ethics and economics of journals is discussed in JAMA 272 (1994), 154-6. A Canadian report has criticised the pressure to publish, Science 264 (1994), 1662; as has a UK decision, Science 264 (1994), 1840; authorship, JAMA 271 (1994), 1904; Nature 370 (1994), 91.

Conflicts of interest in the US are outlined in Science 265 (1994), 179-80. The UK has banned expensive gifts from drug companies, such as equipment or foreign trips, BMJ 309 (1994), 292. In the USA, see JAMA 272 (1994), 355; Lancet 343 (1994), 1443-4, 1493; NEJM 331 (1994), 189-90. German doctors have also been accused of bribes, BMJ 308 (1994), 1588-9; and French orthopaedic surgeons with fraud, BMJ 309 (1994), 77-8. Australian insurers have been accused of overcharging, BMJ 309 (1994), 75-6. See the Japanese case above. Maybe everywhere? Reviews of M.A. Rodwin, Physician's Conflicts of Interests, are in Lancet 343 (1994), 1624; JAMA 272 (1994), 1964-5; Academic Med. 69: 457-9.

A paper looking at the constraints upon science is S.R. Benatar, "Social, cultural and religious constraints to freedom of scholarship and science", Global Bioethics 6(1993), 85-95. Another paper on freedom of research is Academic Med. 69: 437-40. Exam cheating is discussed in New Scientist (11 June 1994), 48-9. Worst than cheating is the case in Rockefeller University of poisoning the faculty, Nature 370 (1994), 315.

A Federal grand jury in Minneapolis, USA has charged Genentech's sales and marketing vice president, Edmon Jennings, Caremark International and a local physician with participating in a US$1.1 million kickback scheme; GEN (1 Sept 1994), 1, 14. It is alleged that Mr Jennings conspired to pay the local endocrinologist for prescribing Protropin, human growth hormone. The company itself was not indicted, but it was cleared of a similar allegation two years ago. Human growth hormone is given to about 17,000 children in the USA, and is the 34th most prescribed drug in the USA. The allegation is serious also for the issue of enhancement of genes.

The checks from Ministry of Health and Welfare, in Japan, found in financial 1993, 3.1 billion yen was illegally asked from the government under insurance schemes by doctors. 30 doctors lost their license to practice under insurance, Yomiuri Shimbun (22 Oct 1994), 30. The US company Hoffman-Roche has agreed to pay the US Dept. Health and Human Services, US$450,000 to settle allegations of improper inducements to doctors, BMJ 309 (1994), 690.

Conflicts of interest are discussed in Nature 371 (1994), 461-2, 725-6; O&G 84 (1994),458-9. A study on the integrity of published data has been suggested by the US Commission on Research Integrity, to investigate misconduct, Nature 371 (1994), 733. A General Accounting Office study found little bias in peer review systems, Science 265 (1994), 863; see also BMJ 309 (1994), 488. General publication guidelines from the American Chemical Society are in EST 28 (1994), 494-6. The Royal Society of New Zealand has made an ethical code, released for discussion from mid-1994.

Letters discussing interpretation of data on fat are in The Sciences (Nov/Dec), 5-6. The ethics of doctors' advertising is discussed in MJA 161 (1994), 101-2; and on buying editorials, NEJM 331 (1994), 673-5. A discussion of the academic Left in science is The Sciences (Nov/Dec), 39-44; Science 265 (1994), 853-5. On Cuban joint research problems, Science 265 (1994), 1803. General comments on misconduct include: Science 265 (1994), 732.

The responsibility of scientists is discussed in Mutatkar, R.K. "The responsibility of social scientists", SSM 39 (1994), 755-6; Batchelor, J.A. & Briggs, C.M. "Subject, project or self? Thoughts on ethical dilemmas for social and medical researchers", SSM 39 (1994), 949-54. See also Nature 371 (1994), 440; and on use of acronyms, BMJ 309 (1994), 683-4.

Advertising and integrity are discussed in CMAJ 151 (1994), 407, 527; JAMA 272 (1994), 1623; and doctors relationship with the pharmaceutical industry, CMAJ 151 (1994), 413-5; JAMA 272 (1994), 1253. On drug promotion, NEJM 331 (1994), 1348-9, 1350-3. In New Zealand there is a review of drug advertising, Lancet 344 (1994), 1353-4; BMJ 1184-5. There was concern over a recent television drug advert. 30 French surgeons are being investigated for possibility of receiving kickbacks from prescribing hip prostheses, BMJ 309 (1994), 1464. Tokyo University has set up a 1% levy on gifts to faculty from private companies, Nature 372 (1995), 394. Most gifts are to help industry recruit good students.

A McGill University psychologist who left a suicide note outlining how she thought she had been victimised by the medical ethics committee, which accused her of breaking rules in her research on the study of reading music with positron emission tomography (PET); Nature 372 (1995), 396. She had approval for several other studies using PET, and claims that people telephoned her consenting subjects to investigate her.

The Office of Research Integrity has concluded that there was fraud in the Imanishi-Kari case, and proposes a 10 year ban on funding; Nature 372 (1995), 391; Science 266 (9 Dec 1994). A paper on the integrity of research is Science 266 (1994), 1660-1. In the UK a consultant obstetrician has been suspended after an inquiry into the scientific validity of two of his papers, BMJ 309 (1994), 1459.

In general on ethics of science, Robinson, A. "Science and scandal: What can be done about scientific misconduct?", CMAJ 151 (1994), 831-7; CMAJ 151 (1994), 11. Gift authorship is criticised in BMJ 309: 1456-7. On coauthorship problems, Nature 372 (1995), 390; and on misconduct, JAMA 272 (1994), 1167-8. A review of Russy, W. Guardians of science. Fairness and reliability of peer review (VCH: Germany, 121pp., A$64.50) is in MJA 161 (1994), 391. Letters on peer review are in Science 266 (1994), 954-5. Ethical issues of computer networks are discussed in Science 266 (1994), 1417.

A discussion of bioethical issues and fraud is Wells, F. "Bioethics and industry", IJB 5 (1994), 3-9. Also on scientific responsibility, Frankel, M.S. "Bioethics and the responsibility of the International scientific community", IJB 5 (1994), 17-21. The University of Hong Kong has challenged the plagiarism judgement by clearing a faculty member, who was convicted in the courts, Nature 373 (1995), 458, 465.

For those who want to have more detailed reports of cases of scientific ethics see the newsletter, Probe (listed in the exchange journals section of this issue). There is debate over why public access to the NIH database on alternative medicine is being withheld from cancer patients, Probe IV(1), 1, 6-7. The US Gallo HIV case is claimed to be a cover-up, as mentioned above, in Science 267 (1995), 319.

Academic freedom is called for in Nature 373 (1995), 186-8. Freedom for article photocopying in light of the US court case against a researcher who made copies of papers, is Science 267 (1995), 13.

Rumours about French charity misconduct are discussed in Science 266 (1994), 1810. A US panel has called for a greater university role in regulating misconduct, Science 267 (1995), 449. Conflicts of interest are discussed in NEJM 332 (1995), 262-7; and on the conflict between science and ethics, Phytopathology News 29: 40-2.

Science and Engineering Ethics is an international multidisciplinary journal dedicated to exploring ethical issues of direct concern to scientists and engineers covering research, practice, professional education and the effects of innovations on society. This new quarterly peer reviewed journal publishes original research papers, comment pieces, reviews and reports of relevant meetings and books. The editors welcome contributions on ethical issues relating to all aspects of science and engineering from scientists, engineers, managers of public policy and science philosophers, psychologists, clerics, teachers, lawyers, social scientists and health-care workers. An international editorial board has been appointed. The journal is in the English language (see the exchange journals list for the publishers address). The first issue includes a number of papers on issues of scientific ethics, and on engineering ethics. A paper on engineering ethics is Amer. Scientist 82 (1994), 518-21.

Misconduct is discussed in Reiser, S.J. "Misconduct and the development of ethics in the biological sciences", CQHE 3 (1994), 499-505. On publishing ethics, Amer. Scientist 82 (1994), 508-10. Poland has called for help in peer review, Nature 372 (1994), 597. Academic integrity is discussed in BMJ 309 (1994), 1597-8.

A discussion of the censorship issues, and the governments role in museum displays, in light of recent Smithsonian plans to display some explanation about the Enola Gay, the plane that dropped the Hiroshima atomic bomb, is in Nature 373 (1995), 371.

A report on how marketters of alternative medicines attack their scientific critics by legal suits is Probe IV (1995), 1, 3-4.

In the US a scientist, Bernard Fisher, has sued the NIH because it put the words "scientific misconduct" on 100 bibliographic citations in databases, Probe IV: 4-5. He had never been found guilty of misconduct and considers his name smeared. The reforms in the US, which are expected to see the disappearance of important agencies involved in bioethical policy and action, notably the Office of Technology Assessment, have also suggested scratching the Office of Research Integrity (which has a US$3.58 million budget).

Letters on the issue of questionnaires and copyright in view of the Hong Kong science ethics case are discussed in Nature 374 (1995), 301; and a brief history of the case, Lancet 345 (1995), 379. In general on science ethics, Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 115-6, 176; AJPH 85 (1995), 165-7; NZ Science Review 51: 63-5.

The US National Science Foundation has awarded a grant of more than US$1 million to Paul Ginsparg in Los Alamos National Laboratories to extend an electronic archive which is used by many scientists around the world for information. Some have concerns that it may affect peer review, Nature 374 (1995), 295. Letters on peer review include JAMA 273 (1995), 522-4.

Papers looking at the issues from wartime medical abuses of German concentration camps are, JME 20 (1994), 207-11; and from Japanese experiments, New Scientist (25 Feb, 1995), 12-3. Relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and doctors are discussed in CMAJ 151 (1994), 1320-2, 1323-4.

A survey of professional ethical codes in the USA is discussed in Professional Ethics Report (AAAS), VIII (1995), 1-6. The most common issue covered was conflict of interest and responsibility to society (76%), while 55% included authorship. In general on scientific ethics see NS (8 April, 1995), 45-6, (6 May), 56.

An electronic network on ethical issues in science organised by the AAAS is, Perspectives on Ethical Issues in Science and Technology, can be joined by sending a one-line message to: listserv@gwuvm.gwu.edu, that reads: subscribe AAASEST < first name > . There is also a news group on Minority Perspectives on Science & Technology, which can be joined the same way with the code AAASMSP.

A serious view of misconduct is recommended in Lancet 345 (1995), 1161-2; Nature 375 (1995), 270, 529. The marker flags for "scientific misconduct" have been deleted from the literature database references of a US surgeon Bernard Fisher due to a court order, Probe IV (5, May 1995), 2. A discussion of psychoimmunology as to whether it is science or not is Probe IV (5, May 1995), 1-8. Protection for the whistleblower is discussed in Poon, P. "Legal protections for the scientific misconduct whistleblower", JLME 23 (1995), 88-95. The Gallo case report is discussed in Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 188. On the image of scientists, NEJM 332 (1995), 1241; and on the Smithsonian displays and censorship, Nature 375 (1995), 95; NS (8 April, 1995), 42.

A paper on sharing data is Fienberg, S.E. "Sharing statistical data in the biomedical and health sciences. Ethical, institutional, legal, and professional dimensions", Ann. Rev. Public Health 15 (1994), 1-18. On the Hong Kong plagiarism case, BMJ 310 (1995), 618-9. Paper writing ethics is discussed in BMJ 310 (1995), 869, 920-3, 1236, 1313-5; Lancet 345 (1995), 668-9, 681-5, 1242-3, 1372; Science 268 (1995), 25; Nature 375 (1995), 2, 28, 522; JME 21 (1995), 84-8. On rhetoric in papers, BMJ 310 (1995), 985-8.

On past human experiments, Science 268 (1995), 827-8; NS (8 April, 1995), 8; SA (May 1995), 16. In Germany about 1500 doctors and administrators face bribery charges over the heart valve scandal, BMJ 310 (1995), 1160. Italy is also facing issues, Science 267 (1995), 1427. On conflicts of interest, BMJ 310 (1995), 1417.

A comment that blinded manuscript review is no longer done is O&G 85 (1995), 781-2; NS (22 April, 1995), 52-3. On peer review of grant proposals, Nature 375 (1995), 272, 438. The system of peer review of grant applications to the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology has been itself reviewed and comments are in Foundation News 21 (May 1995), 3. Review in China is being tightened, Science 268 (1995), 23-4.

A review is Mitcham, C. "Computers, Information and Ethics: A review of issues and literature", Science & Engineering Ethics 1 (1995), 113-32. A US UFO investigator is under enquiry, Nature 375 (1995), 5.

A special issue of Science 268 (23 June, 1995), 1705-18, is on conflict in science and scientific ethics. An interview with an angry Robert Gallo, after he left NIH is in Probe IV (1 June 1995), 1, 4-5. On the subject of what it is to be a responsible scientist see book reviews in Science and Engineering Ethics 1 (1995), 309-14. On the Imanishi-Kari case trial, Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 608-9; Science 268 (1995), 1561; 269 (1995), 157. A call for the UK to get strict about scientific fraud after the Malcolm Pearce case, a gynecologist who published two papers he had never done the research for, is BMJ 310 (1995), 1547-8, 1554-5; Nature 376 (1995), 529; Lancet 345 (1995), 1585-6.

Letter fraud, BMJ 311 (1995), 523-4. Texaco has offered a US$1 million settlement to 89 scientific journal publishers to allow its researchers to photocopy papers, Science 269 (1995), 1127. Many scientists worry about the fate of their photocopied records (as do bioethicists and all academics).

A claim that plagiarism is worse then mere theft from the editor of Nature is Nature 376 (1995), 721; see also, Science 268 (1995), 1125. The case of a school competition where the prize was actually a patented device, is discussed in Probe IV (1 August 1995), 1, 4-5.

Interactions with the pharmaceutical industry, CMAJ 153 (1995), 552+. Good manners in research are called for in Nature 376 (1995), 113. In general on scientific ethics, Science 268 (1995), 1679; 269 (1995), 19. Objectivity and truth are discussed in book reviews in Science 269 (1995), 565-8, 708-10. Sample size and statistical reliability are reviewed in O&G 86 (1995), 302-5.

Also on electronic publishing, BMJ 310 (1995), 1480-1; 311 (1995), 507; NEJM 332 (1995), 1709-10; Lancet 346 (1995), 250; Science 269 (1995), 615. The BMJ and CMAJ have on-line contents lists and some abstracts available; Science has some interactive issues on, and a current list of contents. Cyberporn is discussed in Time (3 July, 1995), 34-42; Newsweek (3 July, 1995), 44-9.

Redundant publication is quite common, and an editorial against it is NEJM 333 (1995), 449-50. The suitability of Newton's Principia for publishing today is questioned in Nature 376 (1995), 385. A call for reviewers to be chosen by authors (as some journals already do) is BMJ 311 (1995), 210. Censorship of medical journals in occupied Japan is described in JAMA 274 (1995), 454-6. The ethics of reporting science is being discussed by the French national bioethics committee, Nature 376 (1995), 108; and Nature has removed USA Today from their press release list after a bad case of media breaking a press embargo, Nature 376 (1995), 2. On conflict of interest, Science 269 (1995), 294.

The UK medical research charities have decided to continue using peer review for assessment of grants, Nature 376 (1995), 455. Corruption in academic job promotions in Spain is claimed in Nature 376 (1995), 290; and in India, Nature 376 (1995), 545.

Several major US hospitals are named in a fraud suit over false insurance claims, Lancet 346 (1995), 564. A global study of corruption in 41 countries put New Zealand as the least corrupt, Insights on Global Ethics 5 (Oct 1995), 2. Whistle-blowing and workplace ethics are discussed in Insights on Global Ethics 5 (Oct 1995), 1, 4-5. A new law in Israel will ban bribes to doctors, BMJ 311 (1995), 831-2. Letters on the South African Medical Association and apartheid, BMJ 311 (1995), 1025-6.

As discussed in the Disease Risks section, there is a case in the NIH where several researchers including a pregnant women may have been deliberately exposed to P-32, a radioisotope, Nature 377 (1995), 568. Conflicts of interest are reviewed in Dickens, B,M, "Conflicts of interest in Canadian Health Care Law", AJLM XXI (1995), 259-80. See also, Lancet 346 (1995), 762.

On electronic publishing see the World Wide Web site of Eubios Ethics Institute, also comments in Science 269 (1995), 217-8. A growing number of journals are on the Web, but not too much so-far on bioethics, for those of you that worry about missing out on it. Nature is now providing an Internet site, and supplementary information may be provided, http://www.nature.com, Nature 377 (1995), 475. Letters on Press breaking embargoes are Science 270 (1995), 13.

On plagiarism, which is more likely with the papers on the Internet, Lancet 346 (1995), 498. Peer review is discussed in JAMA 274 (1995), 986-7. Authorship of papers is discussed in Science 270 (1995), 1029-35. A discussion of the dilemmas for scientists in developing countries when submitting papers to local or international journals is Biotechnology 13 (1995), 928; also on the impact factor of journals, Lancet 346 (1995), 906. The ethical imperative to publish is supported by BMJ 311 (1995), 688.

The Commission on Research Integrity has proposed a new definition of misconduct, Science 269 (1995), 1811. A book review of Penslar, R.L. ed., Research Ethics: Cases and Materials (Indiana University Press 1995, 278pp., US$13) is in AJHG 57 (1995), 737-8. Discussion of some of the Japanese wartime human experiments is in Lancet 346 (1995), 566, following a publication of new reports on some experiments in Japanese. A history of science is discussed in Nature 377 (1995), 105-6. Good manners are called for in Nature 377 (1995), 192. Fraud in science is discussed in Nature 377 (1995), 474.

The hazards of whistleblowers in research are discussed in Science & Engineering News 1 (1995), 329-46; BMJ 311 (1995), 1324, 1444. A series of papers on trustworthy research, authorship, etc. are in Science & Engineering News 1 (1995), 322-426; and on substandard research, BMJ 311 (1995), 1308-9.

Results of some genetics research was silenced due to the Journal Cell's strict prepublication publicity standards, JAMA 274 (1995), 1666; Science 270 (1995), 909-10. The politics of publishing are discussed in MJA 163 (1995), 453-4; NS (28 Oct 1995), 52-3; Nature 378 (1995), 533; and on citation analysis, Nature 378 (1995), 760. A court suit alleging misuse of information in a biotechnology paper to Nature sent out to peer review has begun in Seattle, Science 270 (1995), 1912-1914. A review of the Texaco photocopying case is in Science 270 (1995), 1450-1.

A commentary on the care needed for scientific experts is Nature 378 (1995), 754. Misconduct is discussed in Science 270 (1995), 1431; Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 859-60. The tainted breast cancer study is reviewed in Science 270 (1995), 1562.

A review of a survey is Eastwood, S et al. "Ethical issues in biomedical research: Perceptions and practices of postdoctoral research fellows responding to a survey", Science and Engineering Ethics 2 (1996), 89-114. Of 1005 postdoctoral fellows 33% responded to the survey, and 18% said that they had taken a course on research ethics and 33% said that they had taken a course including some mention of research ethics. In general on research ethics, JAMA 274 (1995), 1889; Lancet 347 (1996), 311; Nature 379 (1996), 480, 567, 574; EST 30 (1996), 63A.

Peer review is discussed in CMAJ 154 (1996), 439; Nature 379 (1996), 292; and on electronic peer review, MJA 164 (1996), 8-9. Expert witnesses are discussed in Nature 379 (1996), 501-2. It appears likely that the appeal by Imanishi-Kari against the charges that she was involved in research fraud will be upheld, after 10 years of accusations, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 10-11.

Physician advertising is now possible in Israel, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 142. There is a scandal in France that a charity has misused money intended for research, Nature 379 (1996), 99, 103-4. Review of a book on Nazi Science,Nature 379 (1996), 410-1.

Several passwords to computer files were altered by others in the university, recently, reminding us of the ease with which such things can be changed by those with nothing better to do.

A paper on ethics of social research is in BME 115 (1996), 13-4. A review of a meeting on Racial Science at the AAAS is in Probe V (1996), 1, 5-6. They called for an end to racial pseudoscience. Affirmative action is debated in JAMA 275 (1996), 572-4; Science 271 (1996), 1814-9. In Victoria, Australia the number of complaints of sexual misconduct against doctors has doubled in the past 5 years, Melbourne Age (7 March 1996), A4; also seen in New Zealand, NZMJ 109 (1996), 17-8. Also in Canada, Robinson, GE. et al. "A curriculum on physician-patient sexual misconduct and teacher-learner mistreatment Part 1: Content",CMAJ 154 (1996), 643-649; "Part 2: Teaching method", CMAJ 154 (1996), 1021-1025.

A call for more ethical attendance of conferences is Lancet 347 (1996), 377-8. A letter on the negative consequences of whistle-blowers is in Science 271 (1996), 1345, 1793. Fraud in health costs is being examined in the UK NHS, BMJ 312 (1996), 730; Lancet 347 (1996), 843. Medical student abuse is surveyed in JAMA 275 (1996), 414-6. Cheating of students is surveyed in J. Science Education & Technology 4 (1995), 317-27.

Peer review is discussed in AJPH 86 (1996), 298-9; Lancet 347 (1996), 957; Nature 380 (1996), 758; EST 30 (1996), 145A. Authorship is being examined at a meeting in Nottingham in June, as the tend to include many continues, BMJ 312 (1996), 723; Lancet 347 (1996), 780.

A series of 3 papers on conflicts of interests in human research ethics are in NCBHR Communique 6 (2, 1995), 5-16. Corruption in a French charity is being investigated, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 266-7. A book review examining Cyril Burt and mispractice is TIG 12 (1996), 118-9; and misconduct in general, Nature 380 (1996), 367, 371, 475; NS (30 March 1996), 48; JAMA 275 (1996), 746; Lancet 347 (1996), 388; Science 272 (1996), 476; BMJ 312 (1996), 789-90. A report on teaching research ethics to scientists is JCST (Dec 1995/Jan 1996), 203-4. The case of biotechnology espionage and stealing cell-lines for export is reported in GEN (1 Feb 1996), 1, 7, 24. An editorial protesting the Simpson Bill to reduce length of stays on visas for non-US citizens in the USA is Science 271 (1996), 1649.

A special issue of Science & Engineering Ethics 2 (No. 2, 1996), 129-256 is on Global Information Ethics. It includes papers from an International Conference on the Ethical Issues of Using Information Technology held in March 1995, Leicester, UK.

A review of the US radiation experiments is Buchanan, A. "Judging the past: The case of the human radiation experiments", HCR 26 (May/June 1996), 25-30. The UK government may destroy the database of the soldiers exposed to nuclear explosions as test subjects, NS (18 May 1996), 14-5.

The immunologist Thereza Imanishi-Kari has ended "a decade in limbo" as a US government board has cleared her of 19 charges that she committed scientific misconduct in connection with a 1986 paper in Cell. In ruling that the "preponderance of the evidence" did not support the government's case against her, an appeals panel of the Department of Health and Human Services was sharply critical of the actions of HHS's Office of Research Integrity (ORI), which it said presented evidence that was often "irrelevant, of limited probative value, internally inconsistent ...or based on unwarranted assumptions." Science 272 (1996), 1864-1866. Reports from other cases are in Science 272 (1996), 947-8; Nature 381 (1996), 104.

There has been criticism of a misconduct definition by a US Commission on Research Integrity, Science 272 (1996), 937, 1735; Nature 381 (1996), 263, 639; Lancet 347 (1996), 1475.

On the definition of authorship, BMJ 312 (1996), 1423, 1501; Lancet 347 (1996), 1412. Guidelines are in Huston, P. "Reporting on surveys: information for authors and peer reviewers", CMAJ 154 (1996), 1695-1698. Discussion of whether convicted criminals should be authors is in Nature 381 (1996), 458; it does not seem to be grounds for rejecting papers as we generally do not ask for moral reports from apparently innocent scientists! On the ethics of police surgeons, SSM 42 (1996), 1569-75; and the role of scientists, Nature 381 (1996), 568-9. The rating system for grants in the USA may change following an NIH panel report, Science 272 (1996), 1257 . A letter on protecting whistleblowers is Science 272 (1996), 794-5.

A survey by Transparency International of 54 nations of corruption (defined as the misuse of public power for private benefits) has again found New Zealand was judged to be the least corrupt, and Nigeria was considered the most corrupt.

On the ethical issues of scientific authorship, Issues in Medical Ethics (India) 4 (1996), 78-80; JAMA 276 (1996), 75. On electronic publishing, Science 273 (1996), 585-607; 734; EST 30 (1996), 273A; Nature 382 (1996), 125-6. Misleading advertising and health is discussed in Lancet 348 (1996), 343-4. Indian public ethics are discussed in Insights on Global Ethics 6 (1996), 1, 4-5. Misconduct in research, BMJ 313 (1996), 109.

The US appeals board exoneration of Baltimore and Imanishi-Kari is applauded in JAMA 276 (1996), 266; Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 831, 843-4; Science 273 (1996), 174-5, 873-5; Nature 382 (1996), 719-20; and on the Office of Research Integrity, Science 273 (1996), 163. A commentary on the exclusion of partners in the Nobel Prize in 1945 for the discovery of nuclear fission is discussed in light of opened Swedish files, Nature 382 (1996), 393-5.

A special issue on the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, eds., Mastroianni AC. & Kahn, JP., is Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6 (Sept 1996), 215-322. It includes a number of papers on the ethical analysis of the sad error of lack of consent, and on whether we can judge the people involved. Also see Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, "Research ethics and the medical profession", JAMA 276 (1996), 403-9, 421-3; Health Physics 69 (1995), 885-91. On human experiments; J. Health Politics, Policy & Law (1996), 159-66. The report of a 3 year program to development education in research ethics is in Elliot, D. & Stern, JE. "Evaluating teaching and students' learning of academic research ethics", ", Science and Engineering Ethics 2 (1996), 345-66.

A study of the role of religion in the thinking of scientists and engineers is Science and Engineering Ethics 2 (1996), 335-44. On tobacco funding in research, Nature 382 (1996), 1, 5; NS (31 August 1996), 12-3.

Three recent cases of plagiarism by Chinese scientists have triggered a national discussion of the problem and how institutions should respond, Science 274 (1996), 337. See also results of a recent study of scientists who have faced misconduct charges which suggests that even those who have been cleared often suffer professional damage, Science 274 (1996), 338.

A discussion of whether commercial collaborations encourage misconduct is Nature Biotechnology 14 (1996), 823. A report on health care from Russia is Tichtchenko, P. "Corruption: the Russian experience", BME 121 (1996), 13-8. A series of letters discussing corruption in India are in Issues in Medical Ethics 4 (1996), 103-11; and on disclosure of financial interests in publishing research results, Lancet 348 (1996), 627; Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 1057-8; Science 273 (1996), 1782-5; NEJM 335 (1996), 1055-6, 1064-5. Funding cuts are putting pressure on peer review, Nature 383 (1996), 567. A summary of the recommendations for remedying the victims of the human subjects of Cold War research and radiation experiments is JLME 24 (1996), 118-26.

On ethics of tobacco company-funded research, Lancet 348 (1996), 677, 954; Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 1058-9. On responsible science, NEJM 335 (1996), 1077; Nature 383 (1996), 682; and on Science and Society at Stanford University, Nature 383 (1996), 563.

A case of scientific fraud involving a top US genome project lab has been swiftly dealt with by the withdrawal of the papers in question, Science 273 (1996), 908-10; NS (9 Nov 1996), 7. The researchers have been applauded for their rapid acknowledge, apology and making the papers public. Ambition and impatience are blamed for it, Nature 384 (1996), 6-7. A letter on plagiarism in China is in Science 274 (1996), 1820 (see p. 337). The scientific ethics of an AIDS study, involving the paper by M. Dean et al. "Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene", Science 273 (1996), 1856; are debated in Science 274 (1996), 1596.

An editorial saying that conflict of interest statement should be abolished is BMJ 313 (1996), 1555-6; and on financial interests in authors of journals a study is Krimsky, S. et al. "Financial interests of authors in scientific journals: A pilot study of 14 publications", Science & Engineering Ethics 2 (Oct 1996), 395-410; also pp. 386-8, 457-68. On drug company gifts for clinical trials, Lancet 348 (1996), 1048. On peer review, Nature 384 (1996), 1, 401; BMJ 313 (1996), 1185; Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 1161; Science 274 (1996), 911; Science & Engineering Ethics 2 (Oct 1996), 389-94. Authorship is discussed in JAMA 276 (1996), 1385; Science & Engineering Ethics 2 (Oct 1996), 469-80. The relationships between science and media are discussed in Nature 383 (1996), 745; NS (23 Nov 1996), 52. On public understanding of science, Science 273 (1996), 732-3.

A book review of the Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, 620 pp. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. $39.95. ISBN 0-19-510792-6, is in NEJM 335 (1996), 1850; and HCR 26 (Sept. 1996), 346. The United States federal government has announced that it will pay $4.8m in compensation to survivors of secret cold war experiments sponsored by the government in which patients were injected with radioactive isotopes without their consent, BMJ 313 (1996), 1421-24. The experiments were an offshoot of the Manhattan Project and were developed to gain an understanding of the biological consequences of nuclear warfare. They violated the Nuremberg code, as in most cases patients were unaware that they were experimental subjects, there was usually no therapeutic benefit and there was potential harm. The Presidential Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments found that between 1944 and 1974 the US conducted or sponsored about 4000 experiments involving up to 20000 people. As discussed above there are claims that secret experiments were carried out on bodies after radiation experiments, at Los Alamos National Laboratory, NS (2 Nov 1996), 10.

On the philosophy of science, Nature 383 (1996), 772-3, 775-6; 384 (1996), 106. Creation evolution debates are discussed in Lancet 348 (1996), 1397-8; and the Vatican has backed the theory of evolution, Science 273 (1996), 717.

Peer review is the subject of 7 papers in Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 3-98; Nature 385 (1997), 384, 509. On anonymity, NatMed 3 (1997), 2; conflicts of interest, NEJM 334 (1997), 518-9; Nature 385 (1997), 376; Authorship, Science 275 (1997), 14, 461. Falsification of credentials in research as misconduct is discussed in J. Law, Medicine & Ethics 24 (No.3, 1996), 260-6. Whistleblowers face hostility, Nature 385 (1997), 669.

Embryologists are protesting the dismissal of a researcher at Georgetown University who used embryos in research (see section on Reproductive technology above), Science 275 (1997), 472. A self-assessment of the Office of Research Integrity, Science 275 (1997), 920. Also on scientific misconduct, Science 275 (1997), 610, 920, 1255; Nature 385 (1997), 105, 469, 566; NS (14 Dec, 1996), 48. The question whether data hoarding is slowing the advances on pathogens is made in Science 275 (1997), 777, 780-1. A special issue of The Monist 79 (No.2, April 1996), 183-310; is on Forbidden Knowledge, and includes ethics of science.

The UK has been indicted for nuclear tests in the 1950s by the European Commission of Human Rights, NS (8 Feb, 1997), 4. A book review on the museum display or non-display of Enola Gay is Nature 384 (1996), 525-6.

Discussion of the Chinese eugenics law and some aspects of it in the Times Literary Supplement (17 Jan 1996). In the same article it was mentioned that some Chinese journals on demography in the mid-80s "...made claims about the 'biological fitness' of the nation and herald the next century as an era to be dominated by 'biological competition' between the 'white race' and the 'yellow race'."

A discussion of research ethics, when investigators find that their obligations with respect to a research project come into conflict with their obligations to individual patients is Weijer C. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 10. Research ethics", CMAJ 156 (1997), 1153-7. Respect for persons underlies the duty to obtain informed consent from study participants. Beneficence demands a favourable balance between the potential benefits and harms of participation. Justice requires that vulnerable people not be exploited and that eligible candidates who may benefit from participation not be excluded without good cause. Misuse of people in developing countries is discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 840-1. On the ethics of Wigglesworth, Nature 386 (1997), 757-8.

Authorship is debated in BMJ 314 (1997), 992, 1009-12, 1046-7; Science 275 (1997), 1403-4; JAMA 277 (1997), 957. On peer review, TIBS 22 (1997), 86; BMJ 314 (1997), 765-6. Media ethics and reporting is criticized in the UK in BMJ 314 (1997), 686. On computer ethics, Lyon, D. "Internet: Beyond ethics?", Science & Christian Belief 9 (1997), 35-46. Communication between engineers and managers is discussed in papers in Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 171-216.

39% of UK scientists believe in a personal God, and 38% in human immortality, Larson EJ. & Eitham L. "Scientists are still keeping the faith", Nature 386 (1997), 435-6. On science as a cultural construction, Nature 386 (1997), 545-7. The Australian Creationist education court case has ended without considering broader issues, but focusing on the case, Nature 386 (1997), 529, 748. On expert witnesses, Lancet 349 (1997), 896. The US National Academy of Sciences has warned of dangers of opening up all panels to the public, Nature 386 (1997), 309, 525; Science 275 (1997), 1560-1.

Responsibilities of scientists are discussed in Reiser, SJ. & Bulger, RE. "The social responsibilities of biological scientists", Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 137-44, with commentaries pp. 145-52. On conflicts of interests in research following a Lancet paper, Lancet 349 (19 August 1997), editorial, 1170; and in NEJM, Nature 386 (1997), 634; NEJM 336 (1997), 728-9. The two journals are in dispute, Science 275 (1997), 1055. Also on conflicts of interest, JAMA 277 (1997), 1009; Lancet 349 (1997), 962.

The US Office of Research Integrity has concluded that a neuroscientist, Kimon Angelides, intentionally falsified data in 5 published articles, Nature 386 (1997), 747; and on the ORI in general, Science 275 (1997), 1255. Bernard Fisher a cancer researcher has been cleared of charges, Nature 386 (1997), 104; JAMA 277 (1997), 950; as have researchers in the gay genes study, Science 275 (1997), 1251. A Harvard case of missing data from papers is Nature 386 (1997), 206. See also Science 275 (1997), 1411-2, on misconduct accusations.

A discussion of research ethics, when investigators find that their obligations with respect to a research project come into conflict with their obligations to individual patients is Weijer C. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 10. Research ethics", CMAJ 156 (1997), 1153-7. Respect for persons underlies the duty to obtain informed consent from study participants. Beneficence demands a favourable balance between the potential benefits and harms of participation. Justice requires that vulnerable people not be exploited and that eligible candidates who may benefit from participation not be excluded without good cause. Misuse of people in developing countries is discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 840-1. On the ethics of Wigglesworth, Nature 386 (1997), 757-8.

Authorship is debated in BMJ 314 (1997), 992, 1009-12, 1046-7; Science 275 (1997), 1403-4; JAMA 277 (1997), 957. On peer review, TIBS 22 (1997), 86; BMJ 314 (1997), 765-6. Media ethics and reporting is criticized in the UK in BMJ 314 (1997), 686. On computer ethics, Lyon, D. "Internet: Beyond ethics?", Science & Christian Belief 9 (1997), 35-46. Communication between engineers and managers is discussed in papers in Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 171-216.

39% of UK scientists believe in a personal God, and 38% in human immortality, Larson EJ. & Eitham L. "Scientists are still keeping the faith", Nature 386 (1997), 435-6. On science as a cultural construction, Nature 386 (1997), 545-7. The Australian Creationist education court case has ended without considering broader issues, but focusing on the case, Nature 386 (1997), 529, 748. On expert witnesses, Lancet 349 (1997), 896. The US National Academy of Sciences has warned of dangers of opening up all panels to the public, Nature 386 (1997), 309, 525; Science 275 (1997), 1560-1.

Responsibilities of scientists are discussed in Reiser, SJ. & Bulger, RE. "The social responsibilities of biological scientists", Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 137-44, with commentaries pp. 145-52. On conflicts of interests in research following a Lancet paper, Lancet 349 (19 August 1997), editorial, 1170; and in NEJM, Nature 386 (1997), 634; NEJM 336 (1997), 728-9. The two journals are in dispute, Science 275 (1997), 1055. Also on conflicts of interest, JAMA 277 (1997), 1009; Lancet 349 (1997), 962.

The US Office of Research Integrity has concluded that a neuroscientist, Kimon Angelides, intentionally falsified data in 5 published articles, Nature 386 (1997), 747; and on the ORI in general, Science 275 (1997), 1255. Bernard Fisher a cancer researcher has been cleared of charges, Nature 386 (1997), 104; JAMA 277 (1997), 950; as have researchers in the gay genes study, Science 275 (1997), 1251. A Harvard case of missing data from papers is Nature 386 (1997), 206. See also Science 275 (1997), 1411-2, on misconduct accusations.

A paper on scientific freedom is Singer, P. Ethics and the limits of scientific freedom", Monash Bioethics Review 16 (2, April 1997), Special Supplement on Ethics Committees, 4-12 (Reprinted from Monist 79 (1996), 218-29. On Japanese wartime experiments, Chen YF. "Japanese death factories and the American cover-up", CQHE 6 (1997), 240-2. The US President has issued stricter guidelines on secret experiments on humans, JAMA 277 (1997), 1583. Scientists have been called to protect human rights in China, SA (July 1997), 16-7.

A scientist at Baylor College has been accused of intentionally falsifying research data, Nature 387 (1997), 747, 750. On research ethics, Science 276 (1997), 335; JAMA 277 (1997), 1315-9; NS (10 May 1997), 54; BMJ 314 (1997), 1501, 1642. A company has been accused in courts of stealing data from a UCSD lab, Nature 388 (1997), 444. Swedish grant committees have been accused of sexism through a study which could find similar results elsewhere, NS (24 May 1997), 3; Nature 387 (1997),341-3.

Peer review is discussed in The Monist 79 (1996), 536-63; Science 276 (1997), 888-9; and authorship in Lancet 349 (1997), 1412; Nature 387 (1997), 831. Journal editors ethics are in SSM 45 (1997), 1-2. Comments on advertising ethics for cancer cures are in Probe VI (1 June, 1997), 1, 6. On business ethics in China, Lo, C. "An ethical framework for business behaviour", Ethics and Society Newsletter 5 (May 1997), 11-4. On conflicts of interest, Lancet 349 (1997), 1112-3, 1173-4. The pressures of special interests groups are discussed in NEJM 336 (1997), 1176-80.

On scientific responsibility and the Imanishi-Kari decision, HCR 27 (1997), 26-8. The responsibility of engineers are discussed in Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 317-38. In general on scientific ethics, Agronomy J. 89 (1997), 155-6; Science 276 (1997), 1779; Monist 79 (4, 1996), 471-576. In Germany a committee is trying to set up standards for research conduct, Science 277 (1997), 172.

Authorship is discussed in Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1997), 235-66; around the paper, Resnik, DB. "A proposal for a new system of credit allocation in science", pp. 237-44. It calls for the roles of each author to be defined in the paper. Also, Lancet 350 (1997), 5-6; Nature 388 (1997), 320. On conflicts of interest, Lancet 350 (1997), 72-3. Medical research ethics is discussed in JAMA 278 (1997), 199-200; and a Committee on Publication Ethics has been formed, BMJ 315 (1997), 201-2; Nature 388 (1997), 415. On commercial ethics review boards, NatMed 3 (1997), 705.

The Karolinska Institute has distanced itself from the work of Ulf Lonn, following an investigation finding him guilty of fraud, Nature 389 (1997), 816; Science 277 (1997), 894; Lancet 350 (1997), 643. A Scottish researcher accused of fraud is in BMJ 315 (1997), 271. In general on research ethics, Nature 389 (1997), 560. Whistleblowers can have a difficult job to find somewhere to stay, Science 277 (1997), 1611; SA (Sept. 1997), 32-3. Editors of some journals are forming a misconduct panel, Science 277 (1997), 627.

On subjectivity of science, Nature 389 (1997), 213. A case of mercury poisoning of a researcher points out the need for care, and for developing safer assays, SA (Sept. 1997), 20. Canada is still debating an ethical code of conduct for science, Lancet 350 (1997), 794.

On too many authors, Nature 389 (1997), 11; AJPH 87 (1997), 1091-4; BMJ 315 (1997), 744-8. It is sometimes difficult to assess the quality of papers, BMJ 315 (1997), 305-8. A call to make authors responsible is JAMA 278 (1997), 579-85; and an editorial with a title, Authorship is dying: long live contributorship, is BMJ 315 (1997), 696. Also on publishing, BMJ 315 (1997), 554. On peer review, The Sciences 37 (5, 1997), 7-8; Nature 389 (1997), 822; Science 277 (1997), 651-2; Lancet 350 (1997), 822. Writing style is also often unclear, Science 277 (1997), 895-6. On publication bias, BMJ 315 (1997), 640-5; and duplicate publications, BMJ 315 (1997), 635-40.

There has been controversy over product endorsement of AMA for Sunbeam products, NEJM 337 (1997), 700. On advertising adversities, BMJ 315 (1997), 459-60. Results of clinical drug trials should be made public, NS (13 Sept. 1997), 53.

The proceedings of a Sept. 1996 conference on Science, Ethics and Society held in UNESCO, France, have been produced in a mixture of French and English papers, available from the World Federation of Scientific Workers, Case 404, 93514 Montreuil Cedex, France. A paper reviewing radiation experiments in the UK is Nicholson, R. "Ethics and the use of ionizing radiation in research on humans", BME 132 (1997), 13-24. There is still more hidden data, Lancet 350 (1997), 1083.

On the roles of expert ethics witnesses in courts, see papers in J. Med. & Phil. 22 (1997), 297-324, 325-43; Science 278 (1997), 1574-5. Also see, Kenneth W. Goodman, KG., ed., Ethics, Computing, and Medicine (Cambridge University Press 1997, 180pp.). On academic responsibility, Nature 390 (1997), 38; NatMed 3 (1997), 1175; Science 278 (1997), 1726. The US NAS will stay independent, Nature 390 (1997), 104; Science 278 (1997), 28, 1219. The US NIH has set up its own bioethics committee, Nature 390 (1997), 651. European Union grants will need ethics approval, Nature 390 (1997), 433. The attempted end of ANZAAS is discussed in NS (11 Oct 1997), 56; Nature 390 (1997), 4.

A case of acrylamide poisoning of coffee is reported in Science 278 (1997), 1704; and on unsolved radiation poisoning, Science 278 (1997), 1920. A German panel has proposals to combat fraud, Science 278 (1997), 2049-50; Nature 390 (1997), 430, 652; and on Internet searches, JAMA 278 (1997), 1725. On the role of editors to police ethics, NatMed 3 (1997), 1301; Science 278 (1997), 1221. Intimidation of researchers by special interest groups is discussed in NEJM 337 (1997), 1314-8. UK secrecy may soon be relaxed, NS (20 Dec 1997), 4.

On authorship, Nature 390 (1997), 903; Lancet 350 (1997), 1035, 1255-6, 1558; BMJ 315 (1997), 696; NEJM 337 (1997), 1175. Preprints can be exposed on www and still Nature will publish papers, Nature 390 (1997), 427; on NEJM policy, NEJM 337 (1997), 1762-3. There is no evidence of sexism in peer review of grants in UK, Nature 390 (1997), 438; see also BMJ 315 (1997), 759-60, 766; JAMA 278 (1997), 1389-91, 1573-8; Science 278 (1997), 792-3.

A special issue of Science and Engineering Ethics 4 (1998), 1-122 has 13 papers on Whistleblowing and the scientific community. In India there is a large claim against the CSIR in claims of corruption, Science 279 (1998), 645. There is a call for pragmatism in codes of research ethics in Lancet 351 (1998), 225. In general on scientific duty, NatMed 4 (1998), 241-2; ethics, JAMA 279 (1998), 62-4; and on use of military research results, SA (Feb. 1998), 48-55. A book review on the UFO Crash at Roswell, is Science 279 (1998), 671.

On peer review selection, BMJ 316 (1998), 86; and editorial ethics, BMJ 316 (1998), 155-6. Authorship is discussed in JAMA 279 (1998), 356-7; FASEB J. 12 (1998), 3-16. Medline searches allow checks on plagiarism, Science 279 (1998), 473-4. The NEJM 337 (1997), 1562; has been criticized for a book review it published, BMJ 316 (1998), 251.

A series of papers in French on the theme of Ethics of Biomedical Communication are in IJB 8 (4, 1997), 11-88. A paper discussing professional secrets in France is Auguste, V. et al. "Professional secret in hospitals: Study conducted in a pharmacy department", IJB 8 (4, 1997), 89-99. Whistle-blowing is discussed in JME 23 (1997), 382-3. On research ethics, Otago Bioethics Report 7 (1998), 2-4; AJPH 88 (1998), 125-9. The FDA rules require researchers to disclose financial interest, BMJ 316 (1998), 493. A case of manipulated serum samples is reported in BMJ 316 (1998), 628; and a confession on fraud is in Nature 392 (1998), 431.

A Chinese researcher who accused the University of Toronto of racial discrimination has been found to have been exploited, Nature 392 (1998), 638. On the otherhand a bogus medical doctor has been withdrawn from the registrar in the UK, BMJ 316 (1998), 647. On medical writing and clarity, JAMA 279 (1998), 582-3.

A call for changes in NIH peer review is made in NatBio 16 (1998), 395; and in the UK, BMJ 316 (1998), 1079-82. In general on scientific fraud, NatBio 16 (1998), 395. There is a call for an independent research ethics body in the UK, BMJ 316 (1998), 1695, 1726-42; Science 280 (1998), 1685-6. The MRC has been cleared of charges of unethical radiation experiments, BMJ 316 (1998), 1628. Whistleblowing is discussed in BMJ 316 (1998), 1756-7.

A study has found that many journals have not retracted fraudulent research, BMJ 316 (1998), 1850. The question of unnecessary publication (estimated to be 10-25% of publications in biomedicine) is discussed in Jefferson, T. "Redundant publication in biomedical sciences: Scientific misconduct or necessity?", Science & Engineering Ethics 4 (1998), 135-40. Also on authorship, AJPH 88 (1998), 733-4. The future of journals is asked in Science 280 (1998), 359; and a call not to use journal impact factors in research assessment is BMJ 316 (1998), 1036. In general on science and morality, Science 280 (1998), 1200-1. A discussion of the fraud of Abderhalden's enzymes is Nature 393 (1998), 109-11.

On information technology and the developing world, BMJ 316 (1998), 1116; and racial differences in access, Science 280 (1998), 390-1; Science News 153 (1998), 247. A discussion of reliable science judgments in courts is Science News 153 (1998), 249-51.

Corporate funding of bioethics is discussed in CQHE 7 (1998), 326-8. It may affect objectivity, Amer. J. Islamic Social Sciences 15 (1998), 113-25. Conflict of interests are discussed in BMJ 317 (1998), 291-2. On the marketing of health care products on the Internet, AJLM 24 (1998), 365-86. Misconduct is discussed in NEJM 339 (1998), 568. A series of papers on Science & Engineering Ethics for industry are in Science & Engineering Ethics 4 (1998), 259-391, based on a 1997 UK conference. On tobacco money, Nature 394 (1998), 609.

A series of papers on authorship and peer review include, JAMA 280 (1998), 213-302; Lancet 352 (1998), 441-5; BMJ 317 (1998), 420. As has previously been discussed in EJAIB, US reviewers treat US paper submissions significantly more favourably than non-US papers, JAMA 280 (1998), 246-7, one of the reasons to establish EJAIB as a forum for Asian views to be heard among a literature dominated by English speakers and particularly North Americans. Many papers show the presence of ghost or honorary authors, JAMA 280 (1998), 222-4. Patient consent for publication and an apology by CMAJ is in CMAJ 159 (1998), 503-4. Grant applications also face peer review, Lancet 352 (1998), 301-5.

A study of how training may affect ethics in science students is Science & Engineering Ethics 4 (1998), 487-98. The impact of commercialization on ethics in medicine is discussed in NEJM 339 (1998), 1326-8. Industry affiliations are discussed in JAMA 280 (1998), 1141-2. A French misconduct case at INSERM has been dropped, Nature 395 (1998), 727, 829.

The precautionary principle and reporting results are important parts of scientific responsibility, Science & Engineering Ethics 4 (1998), 401-12. However, there is a duty to publish, NatMed 4 (1998), 1089. It is often difficult however to reconcile the differences between papers, The Ecologist 28 (1998), 51-2. On peer review, Nature 395 (1998), 856-7; Lancet 352 (1998), 1063-4. A series of papers on academic reward are in Lancet 352 (1998), 892-9. A book review on the Baltimore case is Nature 395 (1998), 30-1.

The dismissal of the editorial of JAMA after 17 years service has been rightly criticized as political interference in a journal, as found in the letter from the other editors in JAMA 281 (1999), 460: "On January 15, 1999, George D. Lundberg, MD, was dismissed as Editor of JAMA and Editor-in- Chief of AMA's Scientific Information and Multimedia. In a written statement, AMA Executive Vice President E. Ratcliffe Anderson, Jr, MD, said that Dr Lundberg "threatened the historic tradition and integrity of the Journal of the American Medical Association by inappropriately and inexcusably interjecting JAMA into a major political debate that has nothing to do with science or medicine." The article in question surveyed college students regarding their perceptions of whether certain sexual practices constituted having "had sex." [Sanders SA, Reinisch JM. Would you say you had sex if ...? JAMA 280 (1998), 275-7; compare to Clinton's defense] The study was conducted by leading researchers, was not solicited by JAMA, and underwent peer review and editorial scrutiny. The dismissal of Dr Lundberg has prompted widespread concern within the medical and scientific publishing communities. Innumerable commentators worldwide have interpreted Dr Lundberg's dismissal as a serious challenge to JAMA's editorial freedom and a direct threat to THE JOURNAL's historic tradition and integrity...."

A book review of Kevles, Daniel J. The Baltimore Case (New York: Norton, 1998, 500pp.) is in Probe 7 (No. 3, Jan 1999), 6-7. On the fate of whistleblowers in a Canadian MRC scandal, Nature 396 (1998), 715; and in general, MJA 169 (1998), 351-2; Nature 396 (1998), 404. Danish guidelines to prevent misconduct are introduced in Nature 397 (1999), 101. The union of concerned scientists Internet site is <www.ucsusa.org>. A book review of Scientific Blunders is NS (28 Nov. 1998), 48-9. Also on misconduct, NatBio 17 (1999), 12-13.

There is a need for monitoring the quality of information on the Internet, Eysenbach, G. & Diepgen, TL. "Towards quality management of medical information on the Internet: evaluation, labeling, and filtering of information", BMJ 317 (1998), 1496-502. A review of the trend for more Internet journals because of increasing costs and the expected loss of inprint journals, Nature 397 (1999), 195-200. On publishing ethics, JAMA 280 (1998), 1715; BMJ 317 (1998), 1721-2. Fraud in papers is reviewed in Lancet 352 (1998), siv11; BMJ 317 (1998), 1590-1. The copyright on papers distributed electronically is being reviewed in a US court case, Nature 396 (1998), 99. On publishing embargoes, Science 282 (1998), 860-7, 877.

A call for biotechnology companies to pay for independent research is made in NS (21 Nov. 1998), 59. UK companies are to receive an ethics guide for investing overseas from the Foreign Office, Financial Times (2 Jan. 1999), 5. On academic freedom, California Law Review (1998), 1377-89; and publishing controversial research, Science 282 (1998), 1045. A call for greater sensitivity in science to ethics is Science 282 (1998), 1813-4.

Some people are still attacking David Baltimore despite the finding that the misconduct charge was not substantiated, Probe 7 (1 Feb. 1999), 2. On authorship lists from the perspective of junior physicists, Science & Engineering Ethics 5 (1999), 73-88; Nature 398 (1999), 657. The balance between pleasing authors and readers for a journal is discussed in BMJ 318 (1999), 888-9. Whistle-blowing is discussed in BMJ 318 (1999), 951. Chinese journals have promised to crackdown on the plagiarism and fabrication which are sometimes seen there, Science 283 (1999), 1427. The issues must also be found in all languages that are limited in academic peer review readership. An editorial on the role of reviewers is Science 283 (1999), 789. On statistics and ethics, Science & Engineering Ethics 5 (1999), 97-118. The role of engineers and scientists in courts is discussed in Science 284 (1999), 21.

On the ethics and law of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising, AJLM 25 (1999), 149-68; BMJ 318 (1999), 962. A call for industry ethics is Fears, R. & Tambuyzer, E. "Core ethical values for European bioindustries" , NatBio 17 (1999), 114-5. A federal panel has endorsed a fraud claim against a former Baylor College scientist, Nature 397 (1999), 549; 398 (1999), 745; Science 283 (1999), 913-4, 1091. A series of papers on how to monitor scientific misconduct are in Nature 398 (1999), 1, 13-7; see also Nature 397 (1999), 288, 381; NS (9 Jan. 1999), 40-1; NatMed 5 (1999), 13-4. A letter on education is Leavitt, FJ. "Can teaching ethics make people ethical?", Nature 397 (1999), 384. A list of papers in plant science that cannot be reproduced is Science 283 (1999), 1987, 9. Analysis of a trendy phrase, "new paradigm" has found it growing in papers and grant applications, Science 283 (1999), 1998-9.

There continues to be much disgust at the firing of George Lundberg, former editor of JAMA, CMAJ 160 (1999), 507-8; Lancet 353 (1999), 252-3, 390, 1104; BMJ 318 (1999), 416, 554; Science 283 (1999), 787; NEJM 340 (1999), 466-7. On the universality of science, Science 283 (1999), 1847. There are tightened conditions over the visits by foreign scientists to the USA to work in sensitive areas, Nature 398 (1999), 447. However, the US public main gain access to more research data, NatMed 5 (1999), 8.
The paper that caused the sacking of the JAMA editor is on student views of sex in the USA and is JAMA 281 (1999), 275-7; NS (23 Jan. 1999), 3.

A special issue of Science and Engineering Ethics 5 (No. 2, 1999), 131-302, includes 22 papers and commentaries on scientific misconduct. In US research fraud review the main problem is falsifying data, BMJ 318 (1 May 1999); see Office of Public Health and Science, Office of Research Integrity, Scientific Misconduct Investigations, 1993-1997.

An exposure of a medical quack offering cancer “cures” is in ProbeJAMA<284 (2000), 2997. Prescription fraud is estimated to cost 15 million pounds a year, BMJ<321 (2000), 1431. Ethics of advertisingIssues in Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 15-9. Ethical guidelines of publication of chemical research are in EST<35 (2001), 7-9C. On peer review, NEJM<343 (2000), 1485-6. A Japanese scientist has won a harassment case, NatMed 6 (2000), 1305.

Suppression of scientific research is discussed in Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 77-104. On research ethics in general, Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 147-52. Gender discrimination in Japanese academia is discussed in Science 291 (2001), 817-8; and in the USA, Science 291 (2001), 806; NatMed. 7 (2001), 7. A Japanese case of archaeological fraud is discussed in Science 291 (2001), 34-5. A penalty for misconduct is discussed in NatMed. 7 (2001), 8. Nature has called for a policy to be developed to give credit for unpublished data, Nature 409 (2001), 649. A discussion of scientific oaths is Nature 409 (2001), 971.

A paper reporting results of a survey on the editorial independence of journals owned by professional associations is Science & Engineering Ethics 8 (2002), 513-28. Plagiarism is discussed in Science & Engineering Ethics 8 (2002), 529-44. The conflict of interest policy of The Lancet is described in Lancet 361 (2003), 8-9. On adverts in medical journals, Lancet 361 (2003), 10, 27-32. On industry sponsored research, CMAJ 166 (2002), 452-6; JAMA 288 (2002), 2183-4. Institutional corruption in medicine is discussed in BMJ 325 (2002), 1232-5. On competing interests, BMJ 325 (2002), 1375-6, 1391-2, 1420; NEJM 346 (2002), 1835-6, 1901-2, 1919-20; 347 (2002), 1043-4; Lancet 360 (2002), 1525. Academic freedom is discussed in NEJM 347 (2002), 1362-3, 1368-71; Lancet 360 (2002), 731; SA (Sept. 2002), 10-1.

Whistleblowing is discussed in Nature 421 (2003), 99; NS (7 Dec., 2002), 54. Novartis has been found in breach of the industry advertising code, BMJ 325 (2002), 1379.

A proposed US government survey on misconduct has upset some scientists, Lancet 360 (2002), 1669; Science 298 (2002), 1662-3; Nature 420 (2002), 739. Cases of alleged misconduct are discussed in NS (5 Oct. 2002), 4-5; (16 Nov. 2002), 6; (21 Dec., 2002), 5; Nature 419 (2002), 419; 420 (2002), 253, 258, 728-9; BMJ 325 (2002), 734, 1054, 1189, 1193; SA (Nov. 2002), 10-1; NatMed. 8 (2002), 655; Science 297 (2002), 1463. The former AHA president submitted false data, BMJ 325 (2002), 1377. Also on fraud in general, JAMA 288 (2002), 1411; Nature 419 (2002), 332-3, 417; 420 (2002), 348; Science 297 (2002), 13.

A survey on the reporting of ethical issues in publications on medical research is Lancet 360 (2002), 1326-8. Peer review is discussed in Nature 419 (2002), 772-7; 421 (2003), 111; Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002), 917. Most scientists don't read the original paper when citing them, NS (14 Dec., 2002), 12.; Nature 420 (2002), 594. The number of authors is discussed in NatGen 32 (2002), 81-2; NEJM 347 (2002), 1118-9. On the number of papers, Nature 419 (2002), 877.

Sex discrimination in science is discussed in Science 298 (2002), 36. Cheating in the online GRE in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea is reported in Nature 418 (2002), 711.

Student attitudes to misconduct are described in JME 29 (2003), 97-102. Misconduct allegations are discussed in Nature 421 (2003), 773, 775, 878; Science 300 (2003), 40, 393. Censorship of journals and submissions for biodefence and biosecurity reasons are discussed in Nature 421 (2003), 771, 774; NS (22 March 2003), 57; BMJ 326 (2003), 411. The tougher restrictions for immigration are affecting studies and science, Nature 422 (2003), 457-8. Scientific mentoring in minority groups is discussed in Nature 422 (2003), 359.

A call for an ethical affirmation for scientists to be made is in Science 299 (2003), 1982-3. Conflicts of interest are discussed in Nature 422 (2003), 15; Science 300 (2003), 33; BMJ 326 (2003), 883. On publications and ethics, Nature 422 (2003), 259-61; NatBio 20 (2002), 1; CMAJ 168 (2003), 287. International biases in medical journals are discussed in Lancet 361 (2003), 1387.  Swift publication is suggested as a reward for good reviewers, Nature 422 (2003), 374; 423 (2003), 116. A report from a conference on peer review is BMJ 326 (2003), 563-4.

Editorial miscommunication is discussed in BMJ 326 (2003), 1224-5, 1262-4; Lancet 361 (2003), 1926-7. Possible charging of authors for publication to make journals be free for all is discussed in BMJ 326 (2003), 945-6. The length of peer review is discussed in Nature 424 (2003), 12-3. A call for papers for the Fifth International Congress on Peer Review is in JAMA 289 (2003), 1438. Citation number is a flawed way to measure quality, MJA 178 (2003), 280-1; Nature 423 (2003), 479. Duplicate publication is discussed in NEJM 348 (2003), 2254. Fraud and validity are discussed in Science 300 (2003), 1341. A fraud case is discussed in Nature 424 (2003), 6.

The way that technology shapes ethics is discussed in Science & Engineering Ethics 9 (2003), 343-52. A survey on misconduct in Germany is reported in Nature 424 (2003), 117. On a German alleged fraud case, Nature 424 (2003), 243. Papers on the role of scientific societies in promoting research integrity are in Science & Engineering Ethics 9 (2003), 139-290. Authorship is discussed in CQHE 12 (2003), 124-30; Science 301 (2003), 733; BMJ 327 (2003), 348. On impact factors, Nature 424 (2003), 487. Interpretative bias in research is discussed in BMJ 327 (2003), 1453,

Medical journals have conflicts of interest in the publication of book reviews, Science and Engineering Ethics 9 (2003), 471-82. Peer review is discussed in BMJ 328 (2004), 657-8, 673-5, 658; NEJM 350 (2004), 103-4; Nature 427 (2004), 196; Science 303 (2004), 1945. A call for medical editors to accept an ethical code is made in Nature 428 (2004), 5; NS (6 March 2004), 11. The US policy on editing papers from certain countries is being relaxed after much criticism, Science 303 (2004), 1742; Nature 427 (2004), 663; BMJ 328 (2004), 543; NatMed. 10 (2004), 107. Plagiarism is discussed in Nature 427 (2004), 1, 3, 666, 777; and fraud in Nature 427 (2004), 393. Authorship is discussed in Nature 426 (2003), 602.

In general on improving scientific ethics, BMJ 327 (2003), 1436-9, 328 (2004), 66, 187; MJA 180 (2004), 149-51; Nature 427 (2004), 1, 381; Science 303 (2004), 298, 606. Open access to research is important for improving quality of research, Lancet 362 (2003), 1510, 1575-7; Science 303 (2004), 1467, 1777-8.

Conflicts of interests are discussed in Bioethics Research Notes 16 (March 2004), 1-4. Scientific responsibility is discussed in NatMed. 10 (2004), 319. A discussion of a recent article in Lancet is in Lancet 363 (2004), 820-2.
US visa policies are inhibiting science, Science 304 (2004), 943-4. Journal's freedom to publish has been affirmed in the USA, JAMA 291 (2004), 1950; Science 304 (2004), 171. On immigration and science, NatMed. 10 (2004), 337. Scientific bias is discussed in Nature 428 (2004), 589; Science 304 (2004), 496.

An analysis of truth in science and the Galileo Affair is Science & Christian Belief 16 (2004), 13-26. On NIH consulting rules, Science 302 (2003), 2046; 304 (2004), 1091, 1222. US trade policy to embargo certain countries (e.g. Iran, Burma, Sudan, Cuba) can confuse authorship issues, Science 304 (2004), 187, 1422; as well as inhibit the practice of research, Nature 429 (2004), 227, 343. The question of whether reviewers' names should be published is raised in BMJ 328 (2004), 1267. A study of authorship and country characteristics in collaborative studies is in BMJ 328 (2004), 1229-32. Secrecy in academic research funded by the military is discussed in Science 304 (2004), 500.

The importance of international and global research is stressed in Science 304 (2004), 1211. Peer review is discussed in Science 303 (2004), 15. Sharing of data globally on Earth observation was pledged by 47 nations, Science 304 (2004), 661. A whistleblower in the USA who uncovered the way drug companies funded government agencies has been removed from his job, BMJ 328 (2004), 1153. The importance of putting scientific knowledge into cultural context is made in Science 302 (2003), 1683-4. On scientific teaching, Science 302 (2003), 510; 304 (2004), 521-2.

Conflicts of interest are discussed in GeneWatch 17 (July 2004), 12-3; MJA 181 (2004), 4-5; NatMed. 10 (2004), 765; Nature 430 (2004), 280; 431 (2004), 3; NS (26 June 2004), 19; Science 305 (2004), 25-6. The NIH is considering a blanket ban on drug company consulting by intramural scientists, Science 305 (2004), 1090. Financial incentives for doctors are discussed in BMJ 328 (2004), 1328-9. Guidelines from the US Dept. of Health and Human Services on financial relationships and interests in research involving human subjects are reproduced in BME 198 (May 2004), 9-11; Federal Register (12 May 2004), pp. 26393-7.

Scientific misconduct is discussed in Science and Engineering Ethics 10 (2004), 435-6, 483-92. A paper on prayer and IVF success is under suspicion following an authors fraud conviction, Nature 429 (2004), 796. A summary of 20 common statistical errors that can be found in biomedical research articles is Croatian Medical Journal 45 (2004), 361-70. NIH grantees papers may be posted online free after a 6 month delay, Science 305 (2004), 764, 1386, 1548. On open access to journals, Nature 430 (2004), 390. The removal of a paper on cancer incidence in IBM workers by Elsevier is being widely criticized, Nature 429 (2004), 687. The question of anonymity of reviewers is discussed in BMJ 329 (2004), 113; and on peer review, Nature 430 (2004), 7. On PNAS copyright policy, PNAS 101 (2004), 12399.

Research ethics is discussed in BMJ 329 (2004), 286-7. Cheating in medical students is discussed in J. Nursing 43 (2004), 291-2. On teaching in medical faculty, JAMA 292 (2004), 1060-1. Liability in graduate medical education is reviewed in JAMA 292 (2004), 1051-6. On harassment cases, Nature 430 (2004), 711. Whistleblowing is discussed in MJA 181 (2004), 36-9. Restrictions on travel of US scientists for WHO is criticized in Science 305 (2004), 1552-3. Ptolemy may have fudged his own data, NS (17 July 2004), 15. A report from the December 2003 meeting of COMEST in Brazil and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Ethics in Science and Technology is in Ethically Speaking 3 (July 2004), 23-5.