- Marilia Bernardes Marques
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Brazil

The Ministry of Health of Brazil is sponsoring the revision of the present national guidelines for biomedical research involving human beings. Currently, social control is assured by few local or institutional bioethics committees and at the Federal level, by the National Health Council. A multidisciplinary enquete-commission received a mandate to coordinate the national debate. This commission is composed of 16 members and gathers health professionals, religious representatives, women rights movements representative, law people, pharmaceutical industry representatives and health service consumer representatives.

The revision process is supposed to be concluded in August,

1996 and is concentrated on 7 ethical issues: new genetic, artificial techniques for procreation, experimentation involving Brazilian Indians, biosafety, clinical trials for drugs and vaccines, clinical trials for medical equipment and devices, research conducted by investigators and sponsors from developed countries or from developed institutions of developing countries in Brazilian underdeveloped communities.

A further Internet site for obtaining many papers and abstracts of reports on medical ethics, in German and English is from the Center for Medical Ethics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany . Internet has also been used to recruit patients for clinical trials, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 620.

On informed consent for research purposes, Monash Bioethics Review 15 (No. 2, 1996), Ethics Committee Supplement 4-15. Consent with mentally impaired is discussed in AJLM 24 (1996), 18-35; and with children, BME 117 (1996), 8-11. A series of papers on issues of consent is in CQHE 5 (1996), 181-247; also see a letter in Science 272 (1996), 1248-9. A (welcome) call for family consent is Kuczewski, MG "Reconceiving the family: The process of consent in medical decision-making", HCR 26 (March/April 1996), 30-7. On ethics committees, Lancet 347 (1996), 1557; and ethics and clinical trials, Lancet 347 (1996), 1118-9, 1324, 1387-8; SA (May 1996), 20-22; JME 22 (1996), 78-82.

The relevance of Western bioethics to Uganda for research studies is debated in Loue, S. et al. "Research bioethics in the Ugandan context: A program summary", AJLM 24 (1996), 47-53. A special issue of Diogenes Vol 43/4 No. 172 (1995), 1-148, is on Problems of Bioethics; and includes papers by N. Lenoir, S. Abou, O. Abel, AM. Moulin, R. Beachy, P. Laszlo and P. Tort. A series of papers on bioethics in Latin America is in IJB 7 (1996), 32-57.

Papers on cross-cultural bioethics include: World Health Forum 17 (1996), 146-9, 150-5; JAMA 275 (1996), 1608-9; Ethics & Medicine 11 (1995), 1-12, 17-20; 12 (No.1 1996), 1. In the journal Issue in Bioethics 4 (1996), 35-6, there is discussion of how some Indian doctors have aided criminals to evade prisons by giving medical excuses, and also the issue of selling organs is discussed, pp. 37-8. The journal published in India includes a number of papers on medical ethics issues (details at the end of the news section). Also see Clooney, FX. "Back to basics: Reflections on moral discourse in a contemporary Hindu community", J.Med.&Phil. 20 (1995), 439-57. Book reviews on medical history are in JAMA 275 (1996), 1206, 1285; BMJ 312 (1996), 1166-7.

The use of community nurses in health promotion is discussed in Nursing Ethics 3 (1996), 97-107. On the role of nurses in Australia, MJA 164 (1996), 520-1. The impact of making home care more high tech is reviewed in NEJM 334 (1996), 1204-5. On the limits of obligations of a nurse, JME 22 (1996), 90-4. Psychological care of diabetes patients is reviewed in NEJM 334 (1996), 1249-53. A special issue of KIEJ 6 (1996), 1-104; is on Feminist Perspectives on Bioethics.

A call for open access to anonymised research data is BMJ 312 (1996), 1241-2. Israel has introduced new guidance on how to ensure confidentiality, BMJ 312 (1996), 1120; Lancet 347 (1996), 1180. Confidentiality in psychotherapy is reviewed in NEJM 334 (1996), 1141. A report on the ethics of electro-shock therapy by the Italian National Commission of Bioethics is in BME 118 (1996), 20-22; and a discussion of the new Russian code of ethics for psychatrists is BME 117 (1996), 13-9. A UK study finding almost all persons wanted to receive more knowledge about their cancer is in BMJ 312 (1996), 1184.

Extracts from the latest International Good clinical practice guidelines are in BME 118 (1996), 13-9. Clinical guidelines in the independent health care sector in the UK are discussed in BMJ 312 (1996), 1554-5. Ethics in emergency medicine are discussed in Lancet 347 (1996), 1028-9.

On complementary medicine, BMJ 312 (1996), 1492-3; Nature 381 (1996), 361; Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 619-20.

New Medical College data in Ontario, Canada finds increasing incidence of sexual abuse by physicians but this could be due to increased reporting, CMAJ 154 (1996), 1553-1554. On women physicians, NEJM 334 (1996), 982-3; and on ethics and caring, JME 22 (1996), 83-9. Gender bias and decision-making is discussed in J. Medical Humanities 16 (1995), 39-53.

Education of communication skills is described in Medical Teacher 18 81996), 35-41.

A paper on bioethics in Africa is Tangwa, GB. "Bioethics: An African perspective", Bioethics 10 (1996), 183-202. He explores the view of the Nso' of the Bamenda Highlands of Kamerun, and calls it an eco-bio-communitarianism, which is an alternative world view. It would disapprove of abortion of suicide, but approve of euthanasia. A paper on Japanese bioethics is Tanida, N. "Bioethics is subordinate to morality in Japan", Bioethics 10 (1996), 201-11. A book review of Keown, D. Buddhism and Bioethics, is in Bioethics 10 (1996), 250-6. On the Hippocratic Oath, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 723.

A discussion of religious insistence on medical treatment from Christian and Jewish perspectives is in HCR 26 (July/August 1996), 23-30; 31-7. The March-April 1996 issue of World Health is on the theme of Culture and Health, and includes a variety of social issues. The latest issue of Itinerarium 4 (no. 6, 1996), 288pp., contains a number of papers on bioethics and catholic perspectives on the issues. See also Hawaii Medical J. 54 (1996), 468-9. A paper discussing problems of implementing applied ethics is Newsletter of Centre of Applied Ethics, Hong Kong Baptist University 4 (1996), 6-11.

A series of papers on the theme of rejuvenating research ethics in medical research is CQHE 5 (1996), 319-424. Also on research ethics, Lancet 348 (1996), 141, 351-2. The legal issues in Nova Scotia of substitute consent are review in Health Law Review 5 (1996), 6-11; and on Canadian guidelines from Ontario, IDHL 47 (1996), 188-9. A general review is Dresser, R. "Mentally disabled research subjects. The enduring policy issues", JAMA 276 (1996), 67-72; also AJPH 86 (1996), 926-7. The NIH is spending 6 million dollars to improve informed consent, Science 273 (1996), 567; and on consent, Int. Digest Health Legislation 47 (1996), 273-5. On medical responsibilities with children, BMJ 313 (1996), 671-4; Lancet 348 (1996), 68. The importance of patients' consent for publication is discussed in BMJ 313 (1996), 16. On patient rights, NEJM 335 (1996), 136-7.

A review is Ptacek, JT & Eberhardt, TL. "Breaking bad news. A review of the literature", JAMA 276 (1996), 496-502. On truth-telling see, Maguire, CP. et al. "Family members' attitudes toward telling the patients with Alzheimer's disease their diagnosis", BMJ 313 (1996), 529-32; also BMJ 313 (1996), 311-2.

The BMA Medical Ethics Committee report on treating doctors as patients is in BME 119 (1996), 10-11; and on reimbursing patients, JAMA 276 (1996), 27. On ethics consultancy, JAMA 275 (1996), 1866-7. In general on medical ethics, JAMA 275 (1996), 1807-9; CMAJ 155 (1996), 169-80, 189-90; NEJM 335 (1996), 140-1. Moral responsibility to be healthy is discussed in Lancet 347 (1996), 1768; Ethics 106 (1996), 850-3. Philosophical discussion of Derek Parfit's conclusion that philosophy cannot argue rights to future generations, is in Phil. Quarterly 46 (1996), 202-13; Ethics 106 (1996), 754-75.

On nursing ethics, and codes, see Hussey, T. "Nursing ethics and codes of professional conduct", Nursing Ethics 3 (1996), 250-8. There are also several papers on bioethics and caring in Nursing Ethics 3 (1996), 191-201, 212-23; and Health Service J. (11 July 1996), 24-31; SA (Sept 1996), 166. The chance for caring can also be important for medical training, Tracy, J. & Graves, P. "Medical students and people with disabilities: a teaching unit for medical students exploring the impact of disability on the individual and the family", Medical Teacher 18 (1996), 119-24.

The efforts to aid refugees in the USA from political opinion against them is discussed in Lancet 347 (1996), 1816; Silove, D. et al. "Ethical considerations in the management of asylum seekers on hunger strike", JAMA 276 (1996), 410-5. Personal knowledge of the abduction of one of the senior members in the Palestinian Ministry of Police by the Palestinian Secret Service, who is reported tortured and to whom Amnesty International has been refused visits (they have released statements on Major Farrid), makes the call for ethical standards of detention and human rights abuses sound stronger. On torture, JAMA 276 (1996), 375-81, 416-7.

A book review of Tinker, J. et al., Critical Care: Standards and Ethics is in BMJ 313 (1996), 890. On the use of clinical practice guidelines for ethical decisions about risky procedures, Bioethics 10 (1996), 310-33.

A comparison of different patient satisfaction survey methods is BMJ 313 (1996), 841-3. A review of the results of faith on outcome from disease is Hospitals & Health Networks (20 Sept 1996), 22-6. On the relationships of medical staff, JAMA 276 (1996), 1099; and on images of physicians in literature, Lancet 348 (1996), 734-6. Efforts to make more therapy at home, including chemotherapy, are reviewed in MJA 164 (19 Aug. 1996). On patient trust in managed care, JAMA 276 (1996), 951-2. In New Zealand, and the UK, the Medical Associations are redrafting rules to allow doctors to have sexual relationships with former patients, though still outlawing sexual relationships with current ones, Christchurch Press (11 Oct 1996), 2. On the problems of general practice surveys with mail surveys, BMJ 313 (1996), 732-4.

Proxy consent for research is discussed in JAMA 276 (1996), 949-50. See also Corber W, et al. "Bathing incompetent patients", The Canadian Nurse 92 (9, 1996), 55. On children's consent, JLME 24 (1996), 127-38. Papers on the history of consent concepts are in J. Legal Medicine 17 (1996), 1-71.

A series on bioethics includes: Etchells EE, et al. "Bioethics for Clinicians: 2. Disclosure", CMAJ 155 (1996), 387-91; "Bioethics for Clinicians: 3. Capacity", CMAJ 155 (1996), 651-7; "Bioethics for Clinicians: 4. Voluntariness", CMAJ 155 (1996), 1083-6; also see pp. 313, 442-4, 796-7. The principle of autonomy in advanced medical planning is discussed in NEJM 335 (1996), 741-3. Data confidentiality is discussed in BMJ 313 (1996), 1035. In general on medical ethics, SSM 43 (1996), 1031-4.

The case for truth-telling in the UK is stronger following a survey, Benson, J, & Britten, N. "Respecting the autonomy of cancer patients when talking with their families: qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews with patients", BMJ 313 (1996), 729-31, 699-700. Truth telling in breast conservation therapy has had little effect on the options used, NEJM 335 (1996), 1035-40; also Lancet 348 (1996), 708-13. A survey presented at the Tenth Asian-Pacific Congress of Gastroenterology (21-23 Sept), held in Yokohama, Japan, surveyed truth-telling in 12 countries around the Asia-Pacific region, Lancet 348 (1996), 879. New Zealand was the country which would tell the truth with a diagnosis of gastric cancer (100%), in Japan 33% would and 1% in Vietnam said so. See also, Asai, A. "Should physicians tell patients the truth?", West J. Med. 163 (1996), 36-9.

On cross-cultural ethics in general a conference report on US/Japanese comparisons is Mastanduno, M. & Ericson, SJ. Prospects for Partnership: The United States and Japan on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA 44pp. Ways to allow religious choice in health care systems are reviewed in JLME 24 (1996), 90-8. A paper on ethics in India is Francis, CM. "Medical ethics in India: ancient and modern (I)", Issues in Medical Ethics 4 (1996), 115-8; and on dharma, Davis, DS. "The role of Dharma in the understanding of professional morality among Hindu physicians in India", ", Monash Bioethics Review 15 (Oct. 1996), Supplement pp. 29-36. On heresy in medicine, SSM 43 (1996), 577-99, 601-4.

A series of papers from the Proceedings of the Canadian NCBHR Workshop 1995 on The Ethics of Human Experimentation: Reinventing the Research Ethics Board is in NCBHR Communique 7 (1996), 1-35. On randomized trials, and the CONSORT statement, Lancet 348 (1996), 596-8; JAMA 276 (1996), 637-9, 649.

Cases of torture of medical workers in Palestine by the Palestinian National Authority are discussed in Lancet 348 (1996), 737-8. That writer was released, there are other colleagues known to us who are still detained.

The Nuremberg Code is discussed in BMJ 313 (1996), 1223; and extensively in the section below under Medical law. On health and human rights, Lancet 348 (1996), 1094.

A study to assess the outcome of 100 general practice based, multicentre research projects submitted to the ethics committee of the Royal College of General Practitioners by pharmaceutical companies or their agents between 1984 and 1989, in Wise, P. & Drury, M "Pharmaceutical trials in general practice: the first 100 protocols. An audit by the clinical research ethics committee of the Royal College of General Practitioners", BMJ 313 (1996), 1245-8. 45 had to be amended, inadequate information or consent sheets, pregnancy safety, the need to discontinue existing therapy, and suboptimal scientific content were major reasons for rejecting studies or asking for amendments. Of the 82 approved studies 8 were not started. Shortfalls of investigators (of 39%) and trial subjects (of 37%) and an overall 23% withdrawal rate were responsible for a significant incidence of inconclusive results. Within the six year follow up interval, only 19 of the studies had been formally published. This audit identified substantial ethical concerns in the process of approving multicentre general practice pharmaceutical research. See also Savulescu, J. et al. "Are research ethics committees behaving unethically? Some suggestions for improving performance and accountability", BMJ 313 (1996), 1390-2.

A study of compassion in doctors is SSM 43 (1996), 1253-61; and an international study on social support is SSM 43 (1996), 1389-97. Book reviews of Eddy, DE., Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice (Jones & Barlett 1996, 356pp., US$30, ISBN 0-7637-0143-2), and Schleiner, W. Medical Ethics in the Renaissance (Georgetown University Press, 1996, 230pp., US$55, ISBN 0-87840-593-3) are in JAMA 276 (1996), 1445-6. Clinical trials also need to be conducted in developing countries, Lancet 348 (1996), 1113, 1128. On research ethics BME 122 (1996), 13-8; Science & Engineering Ethics 2 (Oct 1996), 443-56.

Patients in Massachussets in the USA can now check their doctor's background under a 1996 law, BMJ 313 (1996), 1165. The Australian High Court on 6 Sept. 1996 ruled that doctors have legal copyright of their notes on their private patients, Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 1168-9. Business ethics in China are discussed in two papers in Ethics & Society Newsletter (of Centre for Applied Ethics, Hong Kong Baptist University), 4 (No.2, Nov.1996), 8-16.

On ethics of suspending a nurse and commentaries, BMJ 313 (1996), 1249-50. On ethical dilemmas by nurses in Israel, Nursing Ethics 3 (1996), 294-304. A questioning of the right not to know is Austad, T. "The right not to know - worthy of preservation any longer? An ethical perspective", Clinical Genetics 50 (1996), 85-8. Letters on CPR shown on TV are NEJM 335 (1996), 1605-7. The quality of robot surgeons is questioned in Lancet 348 (1996), 1160. A list of successful projects in the European grant applications BIOMED 2, Area 7: Research on medical ethics, is BME 122 (1996), 4-5.

The FDA allows some breach in consent if a person is unconscious and there is an emergency, Lancet 348 (1996), 1323. On informed consent, BMJ 313 (1996), 1117, 1351; Kent, G. "Shared understandings for informed consent: The relevance of psychological research on the provision of information", SSM 44 (1996), 1517-23. Interviews with 103 patients showed that many factors influence a decision to take part in medical research HCR 26 (5, 1996), 25-9; BMJ 313 (1996), 1431. The main motivation was that the experimental intervention was better than any existing alternative and offered some personal benefit. Many patients thought that they had tried everything else and had little choice. Many of the respondents believed simply that the doctor knows best. Many of the patients interviewed said that they had decided to take part in a trial before they had been given the consent form to sign and that they did not pay attention to the details on the form. A comment on the respect for human rights was reported from the International Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Boards in Nature 384 (1996), 303.

Book reviews of Phil Fennell, Treatment Without Consent: Law, Psychiatry and the Treatment of Mentally Disordered People Since 1845; Anne Harrington, Reenchanted Science: Holism in Germany Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler; G R Dunstan, P J Lachmann, eds., Euthanasia: death, dying and the medical duty; and Anne Bayley, One New Humanity: the Challenge of AIDS, are in BMJ 313 (1996), 1494-5. A review of SS. Coughlin & TL. Beauchamp, eds, Ethics and Epidemiology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996, 312 pp. $49.95. ISBN 0-19-510242-8) is in NEJM 335 (1996), 1773. A special issue of American J. Psychotherapy 50 (3, Summer 1996), 257-387 is on ethics and psychotherapy.

Education is necessary to prevent future abuses. Sonis, J. et al. "Teaching of Human Rights in US Medical Schools", JAMA 276 (1996), 1676-8; surveyed the extent to which human rights issues are included in required bioethics curricula in US medical schools and to identify medical school characteristics associated with the extent of human rights issues covered. Course directors at 113 (90%) of the 125 US medical schools responded to the survey. Medical schools included 45% of 16 human rights issues in their required bioethics curricula. Domestic human rights issues, such as discrimination in the provision of health care to minorities (82% of medical schools), were covered much more frequently than international human rights issues, such as physician participation in torture (17% of schools). Public medical schools included substantially fewer human rights issues than private medical schools (F[1,112]=7.7; P<.01).

A paper version of parts of a Eubios Ethics Institute book <http://eubios.info/BHS.html> has been published, Asada Y, et al. "High school teaching of bioethics in New Zealand, Australia and Japan", J. Moral Education 25 (1996), 401-20. Several book reviews on bioethics and education are in J. Biological Education 30 (1996), 309.

A critique of the American ideology of truth-telling is Lantos, JD. "Should we always tell children the truth?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 40 (1997), 78-92. On cancer management, JMG 33 (1996), 977-80. Papers on placebo effects include, J. Law, Medicine & Ethics 24 (No.3, 1996), 243-51, 252-9; SSM 44 (1997), 553-9. A series of papers on social ethics and justice, under the theme "In search of the good society. The work of Daniel Callahan", HCR 26 (No.6, 1996), 3-47. A special supplement to the Hastings Center Report including the work of an international team of researchers is The Goals of medicine. Setting New Priorities, S1-28. On the self image of US bioethicists, Brannigan, M. "Designing ethicists", Health Care Analysis 4 (1996), 206-18. On duties, Philosophical Quarterly 46 (1996), 433-47.

A collection of papers on bioethics and catechism, and general issues in bioethics is available in Itinerarium 4 n. 7 (Nov 1996), 7-287. Papers on bioethics in Mediterranean Islamic countries are in French and English in IJB 7 (1996), 202-17. In general on bioethics, Cherry, MJ. "Bioethics and the construction of medical reality", J.Med. & Phil. 21 (1996), 357-73; Mordacci, R. "What can hermeneutics contribute to bioethics?", BME 123 (1996), 13-5.

Japan should be accepting the ICH-Good Clinical practice guidelines or a revised form of them from April 1997. Calls for strengthened drug-trial guidelines in Japan follow the action of Dr. T. Kishimoto, a professor of psychiatry at Nara Medical University, conducted a 3-month clinical trial in autumn, 1995, on a drug for people with mild Alzheimer's disease. Neither the name of the drug, nor its developer, a large Osaka-based company, have been made public. Japanese government guidelines, on good clinical practice state that a written contract should be drawn up between the drug company and the medical institution conducting the trial, Lancet 349 (22 Feb 1997).

The question whether it ethical to use patients as learning tools for medical students if these patients have not been given a chance to provide truly informed consent is asked in Shooner, C. "The ethics of learning from patients", CMAJ 156 (1997), 535-8. On the use of virtues in moral education of nurses, Nursing Ethics 4 (1997), 3-11. Also on education of bioethics, Nursing Ethics 4 (1997), 29-38, 57-65. On the universality of moral development from a study in Poland, J. Moral Education 25 (1996), 441-54.

On communication, Roter, DL et al. "Communication patterns of primary care physicians", JAMA 277 (1997), 350-6; Suchman, AL. et al. "Model of Empathic Communication in the Medical Interview", JAMA 277 (1997), 678-682. This empirically derived model of empathic communication has practical implications for clinicians and students who want to improve their communication and relationship skills. They conclude that the frequent lack of acknowledgment by physicians of both direct and indirect expressions of affect poses a threat to the patient-physician relationship. Significant differences in communication behaviors of no-claims and claims physicians were identified in primary care physicians but not in surgeons; Levinson, W. et al. , "Physician-Patient Communication: The Relationship With Malpractice Claims Among Primary Care Physicians and Surgeons", JAMA 277 (1997), 553-559. On decision-making, SSM 44 (1997), 85-92, 47-56, 681-92; BMJ 314 (1997), 227. On the relationship of Japanese patient mothers to doctors, SSM 44 (1997), 291-300; and in USA, AJPH 86 (1996), 1809-12. A study of long term relationships with doctors is AJPH 86 (1996), 1742-7. The gag clause has been ruled as illegal in the USA, BMJ 314 (1997), 9.

On mental health, AJPH 86 (1996), 1654-6. Kleinman I, et al. "Informed consent and tardive dyskinesia: long-term follow-up", J. Nervous & Mental Disease 184 (1996), 517-522. A new book, Elliot, C. The Rules of Insanity: Moral Responsibility and the Mentally Ill Offender (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996). On politicians personalities, Nature 385 (1997), 493.

In general on medical ethics: Checkland D & Silberfeld M. "Mental competence and the question of beneficent interventions", Theoretical Medicine 17 (1996), 121-134; Tobe SW, Senn JS. Foregoing renal dialysis: a case study and review of ethical issues. Amer. J. Kidney Diseases 28 (1996), 147-153; Sumner LW, Boyle J. eds. Philosophical Perspectives on Bioethics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Latimer EJ (ed): "When a Patient is Dying...": A Colloquium on the Care of the Dying Patient. Toronto: Ontario Medical Association, 1996; Lazar NM, et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 5. Substitute decision-making", CMAJ 155 (1996), 1435-7; Singer PA, et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 6. Advance care planning", CMAJ 155 (1996), 1689-92; Hébert, PC. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 7. Truth telling", CMAJ 156 (1997), 225-228; Kleinman, I. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 8. Confidentiality", CMAJ 156 (1997), 521-4; Baylis F. "Women and health research: working for change" J. Clinical Ethics 7 (1996), 229-242. A book review of Spiers, J. Who Owns Our Bodies? Making Moral Choices in Health Care is BMJ 314 (1997), 527. A CMA Policy Summary, "Statement of principles: the sale and use of data on individual physicians' prescribing" is in CMAJ 156 (1997), 424A.

A book looking at the philosophy of relationships and love is Wilson, John. Love between Equals. A Philosophical Study of Love and Sexual Relationships (London: MacMillan Press, 1995, ISBN 0-333-64274-0, 196pp.). A neurological look at ethics is Changeux, J.-P. "A neuroscientist looks at the foundation of ethics, Part II: From the ethical intention to moral values and laws", Humane Health Care International 12 (1996), 162-7. Popular therapeutics and preferences in India are described in Lancet 348 (1996), 1706-9; and India will control research with foreign researchers on Indians, BMJ 314 (1997), 165; and on Norwegian doctors cultural activities, Lancet 348 (1996), 1692-4. On Confucianism, Nature 385 (1997), 110.

The Amnesty International "Declaration on the role of health professionals in the exposure of torture and ill-treatment", and "Principles for medical investigation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment" are in BME 123 (1996), 9-11.

A statement from UK Catholic bishops on the common good is in BME 125 (1997), 20. Several papers in Italian on Evangelium vitae are in Bioetica e Cultura V (1996) No. 10, 177-196. On liberal rationalism, which could be an opposite view, Bioethics 11 (1997), 115-29. A paper on free will and causality is Walker, M. "Review Essay - Geographies of responsibility", HCR 27 (Jan 1997), 38-42. Too much autonomy is often a criticism of US bioethics, seen in Glick, SM. "Unlimited human autonomy - a cultural bias", NEJM 336 (1997), 954-6; also JME 23 (1997), 26-31. On beneficence, Phil. & Public Affairs 26 (Winter 1997), 80-6; and distributive justice, Phil. & Public Affairs 26 (Winter 1997), 3-30. Moral responsibility and ignorance are discussed in Ethics 107 (1997), 410-26.

The issue of informed choice is reviewed in NCBHR, Facilitating Ethical Research: promoting Informed Choice. Discussion Document, a Supplement to NCBHR Communique 7 (Dec. 1996), 1-28pp. (also in French). A compendium of queries addressed to the NCBHR is in NCBHR Communique 7 (Dec. 1996), 4-24. A journal in French on Ethics, A question of life is Ethique. La vie en question, Le legal et le moral, No. 22, (April 1996), 1-108. Publishers: Editions Eska, 5 Avenue de l'Opera, 75001 Paris, France.

Doctors in India are questioning the ethics of a 1976-1988 study by the Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology in New Delhi, which observed the natural course of precancerous uterine cervical lesions without treatment in women who had not given written consent to take part. In at least nine women the lesions progressed to invasive cancer, and 62 women developed carcinoma in situ of the cervix before they were treated. The study has helped India evolve screening guidelines for the national cancer control programme; BMJ 314 (1997), 1065.

A controversial paper which did not ask people for consent is, Dennis, M. et al. "Evaluation of a stroke family care worker: results of a randomized controlled trial", BMJ 314 (1997), 1071-6; commentaries, 1076-7. On the debate, Doyal, L. "Informed consent in medical research: Journals should not publish research to which patients have not given fully informed consent - with three exceptions BMJ 314 (1997), 1107-11; and on the BMJ present policy, BMJ 314 (1997), 1111-13, 1134-5. The CONSORT statement on the reporting standards of clinical trials is debated in BMJ 314 (1997), 1126-7. On consent, Harrison C. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 9. Involving children in medical decisions", CMAJ 156 (1997), 825-30; and surrogates, Lancet 349 (1997), 665-6.

Communication is discussed in Suckman, AL. et al. "A model of empathic communication in the medical interview", JAMA 277 (1997), 678-82. A book review of Bayesian Methods and Ethics in a Clinical Trial Design is in BMJ 314 (1997), 1209; and on consent and research, NEJM 336 (1997), 869-70. On research ethics, NEJM 336 (1997), 882; BMJ 314 (1997), 676-7; JAMA 277 (1997), 369, 922-3, 925-6; Amdur, RJ. & Biddle, C. "Institutional review board approval and publication of human research results", JAMA 277 (1997), 909-14. Mental health issues are discussed in Nature 386 (1997), 346; Lancet 349 (1997), 948-50; FDA Consumer (March 1997), 13-5.

A positive review of Bioethics for the People by the People (Eubios 1994) is in Bioethics 11 (1997), 172-5.

On the Hippocratic Oath, BMJ 314 (1997), 1206; and the BMA revised oath, BME 126 (1997), 3-4. The relationships between doctors and nurses are discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 617-8, 773. On compliance, BMJ 314 (1997), 691-2. Imagination is called for in JME 23 (1997), 3-4, 45-50.

A conference review of the IAB 3rd World Congress is in Otago Bioethics Report 6 (Feb 1997), 1-4. The media is discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 910. Community cooperation is important for health programs also, Lancet 349 (1997), 746. Quality of life is discussed in papers in Medical Decision Making 17 (1997), 1-86

Sex and the doctor-patient relationship is discussed in NZMJ 110 (1997), 60-2. The case of Dr. C. Gajdusek and sexual abuse is reported in Lancet 349 (1997), 623. Papers and recommendations on repression of sexual offenders in French are in Les Cahiers 11 (April 1997), 4-17. Death in torture is discussed in Lancet 349 (1997), 627.

A statement from UK Catholic bishops on the common good is in BME 125 (1997), 20. Several papers in Italian on Evangelium vitae are in Bioetica e Cultura V (1996) No. 10, 177-196. On liberal rationalism, which could be an opposite view, Bioethics 11 (1997), 115-29. A paper on free will and causality is Walker, M. "Review Essay - Geographies of responsibility", HCR 27 (Jan 1997), 38-42. Too much autonomy is often a criticism of US bioethics, seen in Glick, SM. "Unlimited human autonomy - a cultural bias", NEJM 336 (1997), 954-6; also JME 23 (1997), 26-31. On beneficence, Phil. & Public Affairs 26 (Winter 1997), 80-6; and distributive justice, Phil. & Public Affairs 26 (Winter 1997), 3-30. Moral responsibility and ignorance are discussed in Ethics 107 (1997), 410-26.

The issue of informed choice is reviewed in NCBHR, Facilitating Ethical Research: promoting Informed Choice. Discussion Document, a Supplement to NCBHR Communique 7 (Dec. 1996), 1-28pp. (also in French). A compendium of queries addressed to the NCBHR is in NCBHR Communique 7 (Dec. 1996), 4-24. A journal in French on Ethics, A question of life is Ethique. La vie en question, Le legal et le moral, No. 22, (April 1996), 1-108. Publishers: Editions Eska, 5 Avenue de l'Opera, 75001 Paris, France.

Doctors in India are questioning the ethics of a 1976-1988 study by the Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology in New Delhi, which observed the natural course of precancerous uterine cervical lesions without treatment in women who had not given written consent to take part. In at least nine women the lesions progressed to invasive cancer, and 62 women developed carcinoma in situ of the cervix before they were treated. The study has helped India evolve screening guidelines for the national cancer control programme; BMJ 314 (1997), 1065.

A controversial paper which did not ask people for consent is, Dennis, M. et al. "Evaluation of a stroke family care worker: results of a randomized controlled trial", BMJ 314 (1997), 1071-6; commentaries, 1076-7. On the debate, Doyal, L. "Informed consent in medical research: Journals should not publish research to which patients have not given fully informed consent - with three exceptions BMJ 314 (1997), 1107-11; and on the BMJ present policy, BMJ 314 (1997), 1111-13, 1134-5. The CONSORT statement on the reporting standards of clinical trials is debated in BMJ 314 (1997), 1126-7. On consent, Harrison C. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 9. Involving children in medical decisions", CMAJ 156 (1997), 825-30; and surrogates, Lancet 349 (1997), 665-6.

Communication is discussed in Suckman, AL. et al. "A model of empathic communication in the medical interview", JAMA 277 (1997), 678-82. A book review of Bayesian Methods and Ethics in a Clinical Trial Design is in BMJ 314 (1997), 1209; and on consent and research, NEJM 336 (1997), 869-70. On research ethics, NEJM 336 (1997), 882; BMJ 314 (1997), 676-7; JAMA 277 (1997), 369, 922-3, 925-6; Amdur, RJ. & Biddle, C. "Institutional review board approval and publication of human research results", JAMA 277 (1997), 909-14. Mental health issues are discussed in Nature 386 (1997), 346; Lancet 349 (1997), 948-50; FDA Consumer (March 1997), 13-5.

A positive review of Bioethics for the People by the People (Eubios 1994) is in Bioethics 11 (1997), 172-5.

On the Hippocratic Oath, BMJ 314 (1997), 1206; and the BMA revised oath, BME 126 (1997), 3-4. The relationships between doctors and nurses are discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 617-8, 773. On compliance, BMJ 314 (1997), 691-2. Imagination is called for in JME 23 (1997), 3-4, 45-50.

A conference review of the IAB 3rd World Congress is in Otago Bioethics Report 6 (Feb 1997), 1-4. The media is discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 910. Community cooperation is important for health programs also, Lancet 349 (1997), 746. Quality of life is discussed in papers in Medical Decision Making 17 (1997), 1-86

Sex and the doctor-patient relationship is discussed in NZMJ 110 (1997), 60-2. The case of Dr. C. Gajdusek and sexual abuse is reported in Lancet 349 (1997), 623. Papers and recommendations on repression of sexual offenders in French are in Les Cahiers 11 (April 1997), 4-17. Death in torture is discussed in Lancet 349 (1997), 627.

Several books on cross-cultural issues from a Catholic Perspective include: Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers, Charter for Health Care Workers (Vatican, 1995; 125pp.); Dolentium Hominum, The Journal of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers, No. 28 (1996, No. 1), Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference, 24-26 Nov., 1994, To Know, Love and Serve Life 270pp; No. 31 (1996, No. 1), Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference, 23-25 Nov., 1995, Vade et Tu Fac Similiter: From Hippocrates to the Good Samaritan, 258pp. They include papers from a number of Catholic, and some non-Catholic writers.

A positive book review of Macer, D. Bioethics for the People by the People (Eubios 1994) is in AJMG 70 (1997), 102. A recent book on the subject is Monroe, KR. The Heart of Altruism: Perceptions of a Common Humanity (Princeton University Press 1996, 292pp., ISBN 0-691-04355-8). selection of 19 papers from the huge International Association of Bioethics IAB3 Congress in Nov. 1996 in San Francisco is in Bioethics 11 (July 1997), 185-365. It includes 5 papers on Asian perspectives, including de Castro, LD. "Transporting values by technology transfer", Bioethics 11 (1997), 193-205; Fan, R. "Self-determination vs. Family-determination: Two incommensurable principles of autonomy", Bioethics 11 (1997), 309-22; Hamano, K. "Human rights and Japanese bioethics", Bioethics 11 (1997), 328-35; and 2 other papers listed above. A series of papers on medical ethics in Switzerland are in IJB 7 (Dec 1996), 254-325.

President Clinton apologized to the victims of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments on 16 May, Lancet 349 (1997), 1529; and the extracts are in BME 128 (May 1997), 6-7. Professional standards are discussed in BMJ 314 (1997), 1613-5. The role of medical unions is discussed in Lancet 349 (1997), 1404-5; BMJ 314 (1997), 1223, 1564-5.

On the role of ethics committees with a family's right to know, CQHE 6 (1997), 93-99. On the role of trust in medical research, Monash Bioethics Review 16 (3, July 1997), 26-33. An entire Local Ethics Committee in the UK resigned en masse in protest at changes in health research without consultation with them, BME 128 (May 1997), 1, 3-6. In general on committees, BMJ 314 (1997), 1588-90, 1632; BME 127 (April 1997), 3-6; 128 (May 1997), 20-1; Nature 387 (1997), 321; 388 (1997), 110. A series of papers on how to make analysis of decisions are in Medical Decision Making 17 (1997), 123-59.

On informed consent, Lancet 349 (1997), 1455, 1703; BMJ 314 (1997), 1477-83, 1762-3; Science 276 (1997), 17; JAMA 277 (1997), 1680-1. The problems of mental health and consent are discussed in NEJM 336 (1997), 1331-3; BMJ 314 (1997), 1536-9. Experiments on handicapped babies were conducted in the 1970s in several countries, and the ones in Australia were openly published, see comment in Monash Bioethics Review 16 (3, July 1997), 1-2. There was also experiments on children in orphanages in Sydney up to 1970s for 25 years. See Lantos, JD. "Should we always tell children the truth?", Pers. Biol. & Med. 40 (1997), 78-92; and how much to tell parents Lancet 349 (1997), 1267-8.

Disclosure of cancer in Italy is reviewed in SSM 44 (1997), 1433-42; and a book review, BMJ 314 (1997), 1357. The understanding may be a major problem, as found in a survey of cervical smear results, BMJ 314 (1997), 1388-91. Healing and ethics is discussed in NatMed 3 (1997), 590-1; Lancet 349 (1997), 1108, 1483; JAMA 277 (1997), 1265-8; BMJ 314 (1997), 1594-8, 1598-9; Science 276 (1997), 369-70; NS (19 April 1997), 50. Alternative medicine is discussed in SSM 44 (1997), 1341-8; BMJ 314 (1997), 1362.

Medical education is discussed in Issues in Medical Ethics 5 (1997), 37-9; 43-5; BMJ 314 (1997), 1705-6. Literature can be useful for medical stories, Lancet 349 (1997), 1618-20, 1393-4. Nurses in Japan have been found to have a high rate of use of 37% using painkillers constantly, 26% using stomach medicine, 7% sleeping pills (N=65000), Yomiuri Shimbun (10 May 1997), 34. The gender of health professionals is discussed in JAMA 277 (1997), 1404-7; SSM 43 (1997), 1531-40. On female literacy in the world, SA (May 1997), 20. On faculty-student relationships, The Monist 79 (1996), 564-76.

The universal need for bioethics is argued for in Biotechnology & Development Monitor 31 (June 1997), 24. A paper in Italian on the spiritual aspects of medicine and theology is in Bioetica e Cultura 10 (1997), 139-56. A discussion of deliberative democracy and deliberative bioethics (what I have called interactive bioethics), is Gutmann, A. & Thompson, D. "Deliberating about bioethics", HCR 27 (1997), 38-41. On comparative linguistics, Romney, AK. et al. "Cultural universals: Measuring the semantic structure of emotion terms in English and Japanese", PNAS 94 (1997), 5489-94, 6585-90. Clinical pragmatism as a method in bioethics is discussed in KIEJ 7 (1997), 129-52. A review of the new Encyclopedia of Bioethics published in 1995 is HCR 27 (1997), 42-3.

The use of orphans as research subjects in Australia and Ireland has created much controversy, BME 129 (1997), 6-7; BMJ 314 (1997), 1783; Lancet 349 (1997), 1817. Also on drug testing and trial consent, Newsweek Bulletin (29 July 1997), 18-20; NEJM 337 (1997), 282. The UK Mental Health Act Commission statement on research involving detained patients is in BME 129 (1997), 8-11. A criticism of the Israeli Medical Association for not condemning torture is Lancet 350 (1997), 63-4. On the AMA and ethics in JAMA 278 (1997), 163-4; BMJ 314 (1997), 1853. On substituted judgment, JLME 25 (1997), 22-9; NEJM 336 (1997), 1908-10. The UK Court of Appeal said doctors do not need to tell the truth about the death of a child to the parents, BMJ 315 (1997), 79.

A review of reports from UK Local Health Research Ethics Committees is BME 129 (1997), 13-24; BMJ 314 (1997), 1833, 315 (1997), 60-1. A series of papers on healthcare ethics committees and consultants is in CQHE 6 (1997), 251-305.

A new book on nursing is Kuhse, H. Caring. Nurses, Women and Ethics (Sydney, Blackwell Publishers, 0-631-20211-0, A$37.95, July 1997). A paper on views of nurses to privacy in health information is in Health Law Review 6 (1997), 3-7. In general on decision-making, SSM 45 (1997), 419-27; BMJ 315 (1997), 248-54. Sexual harassment of women doctors by patients is reviewed in SSM 45 (1997), 669-76.

Bioethics education and teaching of virtues is discussed in CQHE 6 (1997), 339-55; ad empathy, JAMA 278 (1997), 251; J. Moral Education 26 (1997), 5-20, 45-58. On medical education, BMJ 315 (1997), 6. The use of electronic means for communication is becoming more common, JAMA 278 (1997), 152-9; Lancet 349 (1997), 1781; BMJ 314 (1997), 1875-81; 315 (1997), 231-5; Science 277 (1997), 535-7. Lower mortality rates are found for religious persons, Strawbridge WJ. et al. "Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years", AJPH 87 (1997), 957-61; which might be due to improved health practices and stability.

Nature ran a special briefing on bioethics, as the bioethics industry, Nature 389 (1997), 658-63; including mention of Eubios Ethics Institute. A new book including about 40 international papers with a variety of perspectives is Surbone, A. & Zwitter, M., eds., Communication with the Cancer Patient. Information and Truth, Annals of NY Acad. Sci. 1997, Vol. 809, 540pp. On the ethics of deception in testing, HCR 27 (4, 1997), 24-33. On responses to suffering, Kenny, NP. "Ethical implications of human suffering", Humane Health Care International 13 (2, 1997), 27-30, 7-8.

Reflections on monitoring ethics of human research in Canada are in NCBHR Communique 8 (1, 1997), 11-21. A series of papers in French and English on research ethics in Canada are in IJB 8 (1997), 65-172. On how to teach members of ethics committees, Dispatches 7 (3, 1997), 1-4; and on Basingstoke LREC, BME 130 (1997), 13-8. Reporting of IRB approval and patient consent is discussed in JAMA 278 (1997), 477.

There is a language bias in English and German language papers on clinical trials, Lancet 350 (1997), 326-9. Medical editors have made an amnesty for unpublished trials, Lancet 350 (1997), 756; BMJ 315 (1997), 622. On ethics, Edwards, SJL. et al. "Why "underpowered" trials are not necessarily unethical", Lancet 350 (1997), 804-7; and clinical guidelines, BMJ 315 (1997), 324. Informed consent should also be obtained for publication if identifying information may be gained, JAMA 278 (1997), 625-9, 682-3.

Consent for transfusion is reviewed in BMJ 315 (1997), 380-1. The US Bioethics Commission is examining informed consent from the "decisionally incapable", JAMA 278 (1997), 618-9. On the patient advocate, AJO&G 177 (1997), 251-5. An ethical argument against paying people to join in research is McNeill, P. "Paying people to participate in research: Why not", Bioethics 11 (1997), 390-6; and for is Wilkinson, M. & Moore, A. "Inducement in research", Bioethics 11 (1997), 373-89. See also, BMJ 315 (1997), 703-7.

A series of papers on Catholic bioethics for the millenium in Italian are in Itinerarium 5 (8, 1997), 9-264. A series of papers on difficulties of Bible translation in India are in Dharma Deepika (June 1997), 1-98, which illustrate some difficulties in conveying ethical messages across countries. On medical ethics in developing countries, J.Med. Phil. 22 (1997), 629-37. An editorial in PennBioethics 2 (4, 1997), 1-5, asks why in the USA there are mainly white persons doing bioethics research. Perhaps they have to break out into the global community, but within the US it may be a particular problem. On bioethics and cultural pluralism, Humane Health Care International 13 (2, 1997), 31-4; and ethics of clinical research in the Third World, NEJM 337 (1997), 847-9. Medical ethics in the Israeli Medical Association is discussed in Lancet 350 (1997), 669-70.

On competence, Bioethics 11 (1997), 413-26; and on mental disease, BMJ 315 (1997), 473-6, 494, 530-5, 590-2, 733-5. Love as a component of physician's duty is discussed in Humane Health Care International 13 (2, 1997), 12-3; and on empathy, Lancet 350 (1997), 606; NEJM 337 (1997), 715-6; JAMA 278 (1997), 502-9. Religion and spirituality is discussed in JAMA 278 (1997), 792-3. Calls for increased attention to psychopathology are in BMJ 315 (1997), 691-2; Lancet 350 (1997), 457, 473-9. Difficulties can be experienced by a doctor of two persons involved in domestic abuse, JAMA 278 (1997), 851-7. They recommend always to seek the consent of the abused partner before discussing it.

The overemphasis of the curative model of medical care is discussed in JAMA 278 (1997), 761-3, compared to palliative care, JAMA 278 (1997), 733-8. The problems due to relationships in education are reviewed in Christakis, DA & Feudtner, C. "Temporary matters. The ethical consequences of transient social relationships in medical training", JAMA 278 (1997), 739-43.

A general review of bioethics for biotechnology is Macer, D. "Bioethics", Biotechnology & Development Monitor 32 (Sept 1997), 2-4. There is also a letter on bioethics in Africa, and on bioethics workshops at Purdue university.

On informed consent in developing countries with non-western culture, Genome Digest 4 (Nov 1997), 7-8. The papers from the University of Santo Tomas, 4th postgraduate course in bioethics (1996) are in Gomez, FB. et al., ed, Bioethics. The Journey Continues. Forum in Bioethics 4, 174pp., Philippines, University of Santo Tomas 1996. A Newsletter from another Christian group is Dignity, The Newsletter of the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity, 2065 Half Day Road, Bannockburn, IL 60015, USA <http://wwww.bioethix.org>. The Vatican has published a revised edition of the Catechism, with changes to medical ethics, such as organ transplantation being a noble and worthy deed, Lancet 350 (1997), 874. A paper on Christian ethics is Engelhardt, TH. "Sins, voluntary and involuntary: Recognizing the limits of double effect", Christian Bioethics 3 (Aug 1997), 173-80; see also NEJM 337 (1997), 1768-71. A paper in Italian asking to consider medical care from a psychological aspect as well as physical is Romano, ML. "Vita e qualita della vita. Relazione d'aiuto e volontariato in oncologia", Bioetica e Cultura 12 (1997), 141-62. On medical care ethics in Albania, IAB News 6 (Autumn 1997), 6-7. Jewish and secular medical ethics share themes but diverge on issues such as heroic measures, including the subject of patient autonomy. See a discussion in CMAJ 157 (1997), 1415-6. On Israeli medical ethics, Lancet 350 (1997), 1247.

On medical education, Lancet 350 (1997), 1487; BMJ 315 (1997), 1108-9, 1390-1; Science 278 (1997), 794; and the affect of students on patient's informed consent, BMJ 315 (1997), 1142. . Physician preselection may not be suited to the ideal model of physician-patient relationship, AJLM XXIII (1997), 511-38. On professional identity of students, Medical Education 31 (1997), 408-15; JAMA 278 (1997), 1703. On the clinical aspects of physician-patient relationship JAMA 278 (1997), 2043-8. A call for peer review and better physician accountability in Japan is Nature 390 (1997), 223; and in general, Nature 390 (1997), 133.

A series of 7 papers on the theme of Expanding the Boundaries of Bioethics is CQHE 6 (1997), 365-450. On methods to solve ethnic conflicts see a roundtable and commentaries in Politics and the Life Sciences 16 (1997), 237-78. Kenny NP. "Bioethics and Canadian Dentistry", Can Dental Assoc J. 63 (1997), 690-4.

Extracts from the FDA entry in the federal Register on informed consent are in BME 132 (1997), 9-11. The Indian Council of Medical Research has released a draft Consultative Document on Ethical Guidelines on Biomedical Research involving Human Subjects, which is still in a review process among academics. For more information contact, Dr Vasantha Muthuswamy, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, INDIA. It includes specific principles for human genetics, organ transplantation, drug testing, epidemiological research and ARTs.

Surrogate research consent is discussed in HCR 27 (Nov. 1997), 9-16. On research consent and discontent with abuses, CMAJ 157 (1997), 1691-2. On consent from children, HCR 27 (Nov. 1997), 29-40, 41-5; J. Law, Medicine & Ethics 25 (1997), 52-80, 81-96; J. Med. & Phil. 22 (1997), 213-7, 271-89; Rowell M. & Zlotkin S. "The ethical boundaries of drug research in pediatrics", Pediatric Clinics of North America 44 (1997), 27-40; BMJ 315 (1997), 1246-7. The right to refuse treatment is discussed in JME 23 (1997), 154-63. Papers on consent from the mentally incapacitated include, Arboleda-Flórez J, Weisstub DN, "Ethical research with the mentally disordered", Can J Psychiatry 42 (1997), 485-91; Kohut N. et al. "Stability of treatment preferences: Although most preferences do not change, most people change some of their preferences", J. Clinical Ethics 8 (1997), 124-35; Weisstub DN. & Arboleda-Flórez J. "Ethical research with the developmentally disabled", Can J Psychiatry 42 (1997), 492-6; also BME 133 (1997), 3-4, 18-23: Luttrell, S. "Making decisions about medical treatment for mentally incapable adults in the UK", Lancet 350 (1997), 950-3.; Nature 390 (1997), 927-8; BMJ 315 (1997), 1530-2. Also on informed consent, Lancet 350 (1997), 1180-1; JAMA 278 (1997), 1054, 1392-3.

On Ethics committees, BME 133 (1997), 15-7; BMJ 315 (1997), 1464-5. A review of abuse is Gamble, VN. "Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care", AJPH 87 (1997), 1773-8; Hornblum, AM. "They were cheap and available: prisoners as research subjects in twentieth century America", BMJ 315 (1997), 1437-41; and on other experiments, Nature 390 (1997), 669-70. On bioethics in general, Lancet 350 (1997), 897, 1547-9; JAMA 278 (1997), 951, 1291, 1293; NEJM 337 (1997), 1084-6, 1093, 1627-8, 1637. It is important to have an ethical code for all health care workers internationally, BMJ 315 (1997),965, 1633-4; NEJM 337 (1997), 1003-5.

On respect for human values in health care, CMAJ 157 (1997), 1689-90; It discusses the Tri-Council Working Group. Code of ethical conduct for research involving humans [draft]. Ottawa; 1997. <wwwmrc.hwc.ca/ethics/code/english/toc.html>. On patient satisfaction, SSM 45 (1997), 1829-43; JAMA 278 (1997), 1596-9. A new booklet is Tharien, AK. Health, Healing and Wholeness (Evangelical Medical Fellowship of India, 1997, 12pp., contact the author).

On women's rights in science, Nature 390 (1997), 201-4; and racial discrimination, BMJ 315 (1997), 1254. On feminist bioethics, BMJ 315 (1997), 1243. Foot binding caused much disability among Chinese women, still seen in the elderly, AJPH 87 (1997), 1677-9. On patient-physician sexual relationships, Lancet 350 (1997), 942. On human rights abuses in Argentina, Lancet 350 (1997), 1231.

A series of letters on the UK multi-centre research ethics committees is in BME 134 (1998), 13-19; BMJ 316 (1998), 392-3; MJA 168 (1998), 79-82. 174-6. The question of compensation for subjects of medical research is discussed in Monash Bioethics Review 17 (1, 1998), Supplement on Ethics Committees, 4-10, and pp. 10-22, discusses the use of placebos in research. On placebos, Brown, WA. "The placebo effect", SA (Jan. 1998), 90-5. A special issue of IJB 8 (3, 1997), 9-140, includes a number of papers and commentaries on biomedical research and its judges, in French, from a symposium held 21 March, 1996 by the IALES. Protection of human subjects is being considered by the US NBAC, JAMA 279 (1998), 344-5.

A critique of S. Cromwell Crawford, Dilemmas of life and death - Hindu ethics in a North American context, in light of Sri Aurobindo, is Basu, S. "Ethical dilemmas and beyond", NAMAH - New Approaches to Medicine and Health 5 (1, 1997), 9-40. Ethics of research in developing countries are discussed in Lancet 351 (1998), 286-7; and on India's draft code of ethics, Lancet 351 (1998), 347. On bioethics in general, JAMA 279 (1998), 243-4; NatMed 4 (1998), 243.

On making patients a partner in medical decisions, BMJ 316 (1998), 85-6, 130-2. Advances in neuroscience may threaten human rights, Nature 391 (1998), 316. On mental capacity and ethics, BMJ 316 (1998), 90; NEJM 338 (1998), 204-6. Children's perceptions of health are discussed in Health Education J. 56 (1997), 219-30. Protecting adolescents from harm is discussed in JAMA 279 (1998), 353-6. Alleged unethical promotion of opiate detoxification is discussed in Lancet 351 (1998), 218. There is controversy over an Italian trials for cancer therapy, BMJ 316 (1998), 327. On control of sex offenders, Science 279 (1998), 12. An amnesty for unpublished clinical trial data is discussed in MJA 168 (1998), 9. The increasing preference for lethal injection for execution will involve more medical staff in killing, BMJ 316 (1998), 328.

Nursing is discussed in Lancet 351 (1998), 438-40; and the origins of charity from 1912-92 in Social Problems 44 (1997), 425-44. On intuition, NS (17 Jan. 1998), 24-8.

A recently established journal in Chinese and English is J. Medical Education Vol. 1 (No. 1-4, 1997). Enquiries to the Office of Medical Education, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road, 1st section, Taipei, 100 Taiwan, R.O.C. It includes some papers in English on ethics, M.C. Tai, "Medicine and morality", pp.11-20; M.-B. Lee, et al. "The teaching of medical ethics using a small-group tutorial method", pp. 201-15. A book review of Keown, D. Buddhism and Bioethics (NY: St. Martins Press, 1995, 208pp.) is in HCR 28 (Jan-Feb. 1998), 41-2. A book on feminism is Disch, E. Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology (Mayfield Publishing, 1997).

A new book is Bankowski, Z, Bryant, JH. & Gallagher, J., eds., Ethics, Equity and the Renewal of WHO's health-for-all strategy: Proceedings of the XXIXth CIOMS Conference; Geneva, CIOMS 1997 (ISBN 92-9036-0666, 186pp.). It includes papers from a number of well known bioethicists on the renewal process and equity. A review is BME 135 (1998), 24. A related paper is Gunderman, R. "Medicine and the pursuit of wealth", HCR 28 (Jan-Feb. 1998), 8-13.

Another new book is European Network of Scientific Co-operation on Medicine and Human Rights, The human rights, ethical and moral dimensions of health care, 120 practical case studies (Council of Europe, 1998, ISBN 92-871-3055-8). A report from Lagos, Nigeria suggests 30 people were sacrificed to local gods on 20 March, 1997 (AFP). A survey of doctors in the United Arab Emirates on whether doctors should inform terminally ill patients is JME 23 (1997), 101-7. There is also difficulty in telling children that their parents have cancer, BMJ 316 (1998), 880. A paper on bereavement is BMJ 316 (1998), 856-9.

A discussion of cultural issues is MacKlin, R. "Ethical relativism in a multicultural society", KIEJ 8 (1998), 1-22; Turner L. "An anthropological exploration of contemporary bioethics: the varieties of common sense", JME 24 (1998) 127-33. A paper from Japan is Asai, A. et al. "Choices of Japanese patients in the face of disagreement", Bioethics 12 (1998), 162-72. A call for greater consideration of the principle of happiness is Rachels, S. "Is it good to make happy people?", Bioethics 12 (1998), 93-110. On clinical pragmatism, KIEJ 8 (1998), 23-42; and on the nature of agency, Bioethics 12 (1998), 150-61. Nursing ethics is discussed in KIEJ 8 (1998), 43-82; Humane Health Care International 13 (3, 1997), 69-71. On communication, BMJ 316 (1998), 642, 673-6. A book is Williams, D., Communication Skills in Practice. A Practical Guide for Health Professionals (London: Jessica Kigsley Publishers, 1997).

On definitions of health, HCR 28 (Jan-Feb. 1998), 34-7; Lancet 351 (1998), 823-5; BMJ 316 (1998), 637. A European Commission proposal for a good clinical practice guidelines is BME 135 (1998), 6-11. Germany has launched two new programs for funding bioethics research, NatMed 4 (1998), 261.

On research ethics committees, BME 135 (1998), 13-7; NZMJ 111 (1998), 79-81; and the role of patients in medical ethics forums, BME 135 (1998), 18-21. The UK Dept. of health is checking whether many patients are being held illegally in hospitals and nursing homes, BMJ 316 (1998), 497. On ethics consultants, J. Clinical Ethics 8 (1997), 181-198. Informed consent is discussed in Lancet 351 (1998), 885. On decision-making, Nature 392 (1998), 242-3; and professional judgment, BMJ 316 (1998), 545-8, 947. A review on medical history is BMJ 316 (1998), 713.

As announced in the last issue, there are new ethics associations in Korea and India. The Korean Bioethics Association (KBA), founded on 19 February 1998, aims not only at studying bioethics but also at practice. We are discussing about what we should do for those purposes. The Korean Society for Medical Ethics Education was formed last year. The Korean National Commission for UNESCO started a project on bioethics recently. The KBA is going to cooperate with them closely. KBA President: Park Yeemun (philosophy); Vice-Presidents: Kang Bin Goo (physiology); Meng Kwang Ho (preventive medicine); Pak Un Jong (philosophy of law); Song Sang-yong (history and philosophy of science); Chin Kyo-Hun (ethics). Standing Board Members: Hwang Sang-Ik (history of medicine); Kim Hyung Chul (ethics); Kim Hwan-Suk (sociology of science and technology); Kim Sang Jong (microbiology); Secretary: Ku Young-Mo (bioethics). Details contact Sang-yong Song (Email, de1811@sun.hallym.ac.kr).

The All Indian Bioethics Association (AIBA) Executive Council is President: Jayapaul Azariah (zoology); Vice Presidents: A.G. Bansode (biology); Pushpha Dhar (anatomy); K.K. Dua (biology); K.P. Kochhar (physiology); R.R. Kishore (law), R.N. Sharma (chemistry); A.K. Tharien (medicine); Secretary: D.S. Sheriff; Treasurer: V. Balambal. The address for correspondence is Prof. Hilda Azariah, editor, AIBA Newslink, or Prof. Jayapaul Azariah, AIBA, No. 3 8th Lane, 5th Cross Street, Indira Nagar, Chennai 600 020, India (Email: jazaraih@unimad.ernet.in; Fax: Int+91-44-491-0910). Copies of AIBA Newslink will be sent to Indian members of the EJAIB network, and will be put on the Internet shortly.

A discussion of cannibalism that appears to have been common in the Americas over the past 400 years is McKie, R. "The people eaters", NS (14 March 1998), 42-6. A book review of Hoshino, K. ed., Japanese and Western Bioethics: Studies in Moral Diversity (Philosophy and medicine Series 54, Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, 1997, 255pp., US$127) is in Bioethics 12 (1998), 256-8. It includes papers form the 1994 US-Japan Bioethics Congress. Eubios Ethics Institute just published two new books, Bioethics is Love of Life and Bioethics in Asia (see back page). A paper on Japanese medical ethics is Asai, A. et al. "Choices of Japanese patients in the face of disagreement", Bioethics 12 (1998), 162-72. A paper on a search for new ethics in intercultural relations is Nichibunken Newsletter 31 (March 1998), 1. A former member of Unit 731 from WWII who is one of 30 Japanese on the US watch list of former war criminals was refused entry to the USA to speak at peace meetings, Japan Times (27 June 1998). A book review on history of medicine is NatMed 4 (1998), 735. The Wellcome Trust is funding more social research, NatMed 4 (1998), 542.

A new undergraduate student journal on bioethics is Princeton Journal of Bioethics, first issue Vol. 1: 1-117; Spring 1998 (Contact: Dod Hall, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA). Another new journal is Ethical Theory and Moral Practice: An International Forum (ISSN 1386-2820) from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Science fiction is often used to discuss ethics, Nature 393 (1998), 511. Book review on general medical ethics include, JAMA 279 (1998), 1123-4; NEJM 338 (1998), 1778.

An update on UK medical ethics committees is BME 138 (May 1998), 13-15. Letters on ethics review and clinical trials are in Lancet 351 (1998), 1065-6. The MRC guidelines for good clinical practice are in BME 137 (April 1998), 7-11. See also, Joseph, KS. "Ethics in clinical research: searching for absolutes", CMAJ 158 (1998), 1303-5. There are new rules on human subject research in Canada which may end the debate, Science 280 (1998), 1521. The death of a healthy volunteer in clinical research in the USA has impacted research in Australia, MJA 168 (1998), 449-51; and on compensation for injured subjects, JAMA 279 (1998), 1854. On randomized clinical trials, BMJ 316 (1998), 1898; and placebos, BMJ 316 (1998), 1397. The tamoxifen breast cancer trail was stopped 14 months early because of success, BMJ 316 (1998), 1187; SA (June 1998), 26-7; while a trial stopped for the other reason is discussed in BMJ 316 (1998), 1182-3. Denmark is tightening controls on research ethics, BMJ 316 (1998), 1189.

On consequentialism, Bioethics 12 (1998), 212-35. Two papers debating whether it is good to make happy people are Bioethics 12 (1998), 93-110, 111-24. Also on the question of what future people want, Bioethics 12 (1998), 173-6. The principle of agency is discussed in Bioethics 12 (1998), 150-61. Book reviews of Callahan, Daniel. False Hopes (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 330pp., US$24) are in Lancet 351 (1998), 1822-3; and by R. Nicholson is BME 137 (April 1998), 13-7. A survey in the UK to look at under-performing doctors is BMJ 316 (1998), 1705-8. Hospital death rates will be published in the UK, BMJ 316 (1998), 1759-60, 1767; and there are wide variations between some doctors, BMJ 316 (1998), 1556; Lancet 351 (1998), 967; NEJM 337 (1998), 1068+..

Informed consent and causation in Canadian law in the Arndt v. Smith case is reviewed in Health Law Review 7 (1998), 3-13. In general on informed consent, BMJ 316 (1998), 949-51, 1000-8. Consent can be hard to obtain for incompetent patients when relatives object, BMJ 316 (1998), 1608; NS (20 June 1998), 20-1. On psychosurgery, Nature 393 (1998), 428-9. Ferris, L.E. et al. "Defining the physician's duty to warn: consensus statement of Ontario's Medical Expert Panel on Duty to Inform", L CMAJ 158 (1998), 1473-82. Truth-telling for cancer can also be lost in the modern medical system, BMJ 316 (1998), 1890-3; JAMA 279 (1998), 1709, 1746-8. The question of parental consent in France is discussed in Byk, C. "Which parents should give consent? French law and neonates involved in biomedical research", BME 137 (April 1998), 19-21. Children may have many fears of medicine, BMJ 316 (1998), 1766. On ethics and neuroscience, BME 137 (April 1998), 20-1.

A report on a UK meeting on medical ethics and law education is BME 138 (May 1998), 3-4. Core values in a changing world are discussed in BMJ 316 (1998), 1807-9. General book reviews include BMJ 316 (1998), 1028; and papers, BMJ 316 (1998), 1151-3, 1922; AJO&G 178 (1998), 635+; NEJM 337 (1998), 1318-9; Phil. & Public Affairs 27 (1998), 97-122; Ethics 108 (1998), 463-88. On medical ethics education, BMJ 316 (1998), 1624. On human rights and health, Lancet 351 (1998), 982-3; and sex abuses, JAMA 279 (1998), 1883-8.

Book Review: Spicker, Stuart F. ed., The Healthcare Ethics Committee Experience. Selected Readings from the HEC Forum (Malabar, Florida: Krieger Pub. Co. (Krieger Drive, Malabar, Florida 32950, USA) 1998, ISBN 1-57524-024-6, 452pp.) The HEC Forum is a bimonthly journal since 1989, with 1997 as a quarterly. This selection of papers is very relevant to the discussion of IRBs (see below) that has been underway. It about 50 papers and the lessons from the North American community are relevant to elsewhere in the world, especially those trying to reform or establish ethics committees. Another function of the committees that is emphasized is the educational role, one which is important still.

A narrative methodology for clinical ethics is discussed in CQHE 7 (1998), 315-22. On the use of drama, S. Sahinoglu-Pelin & Y. Ors, "Ethico-drama in the understanding of bioethical issue", BME 139 (1998), 17-9. A book review on Western Medicine: An Illustrated History is JAMA 280 (1998), 1319-20; NEJM 339 (1998), 54; on Making Sense of Illness: Science, Society and Disease, is JAMA 279 (1998), 1665-6; NEJM 339 (1998), 354-5; n Medical Harm, in Lancet 352 (1998), 494; Murphy, EA. et al. Underpinnings of Medical Ethics (John Hopkins University Press 1997), in JAMA 280 (1998), 480-1; Caplan, A. Due Consideration - Controversy in the Age of Medical Miracles (John Wiley & Sons, 1998, 282pp.) is JAMA 280 (1998), 389 and on Jonsen, A. et al. Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine (McGraw-Hill, 1998, 206pp.) is JAMA 279 (1998), 1839-40. On self-harm, BMJ 317 (1998), 133-5, 441-7; NatMed 4 (1998), 973-4.

The growth in ethicists is discussed in Gustafson, JM. "Ethics: An American growth industry", Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 41 (1998), 191-9. A series of papers on ethics of care are in J. Med. & Phil. 23 (1998), 127-224. The partnership with patients is discussed in BMJ 317 (1998), 221, 260-2, 413-4; and patient satisfaction, Research in Nursing & Health 21 (1998), 329-49. Emphasis on MD-patient communication is given in CMAJ 159 (1998), 266-8. A discussion of a basis to ethics called genoethics by S. Shinagawa is J. Health Care, Medicine & Community 12 (Nov. 1997), 42-53; and on universals, Philosophical Studies 91 (1998), 205-19. A series of papers on bioethics and religion in French and English are in IJB 9 (1998), 11-86. A series of papers on bioethics in Italian are in Bioetica e Cultura VII (1998), 25-118.

A paper on etiquette is Martin, J. & Stent, GS., "Bioetiquette", Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 41 (1998), 267-81. A paper on how we might increase average utility without making anyone more happy is Philosophical Studies 91 (1998), 265-74.

On gender and medical ethics in the Arab world, BME 139 (1998), 20-1. A series of papers on Muslim identity is Ethos 26 (June 1998), 115-270+; and on Muslim bioethics IJB 9 (1998), 59-116. Jewish medical ethics is discussed in IJB 9 (1998), 117-26. Health beliefs among Bangladeshi persons in the UK are discussed in BMJ 317 (1998), 412-3; and among Asian and Pacific Island patients in the USA, Health & Social Work 23 (1998), 116-26; and Korean values, Koreana 12 (Spring 1998), 4-27.

A paper on ethics in social work is Jansson, BS. & Dodd, S-J., "Developing a social work research agenda on ethics in health care", Health & Social Work 23 (1998), 17-23. Social problems of a patient are involved in at least one sixth of UK physician consultations, BMJ 317 (1998), 28-32; also information is important, BMJ 317 (1998), 225-6. On ethics in hospitality, Hospitality & Tourism Educator 8 (1996), 7-11. Incorporating clinical research findings in clinical practice is discussed in BMJ 317 (1998), 339-42, 405-9, 531-5. On clinical guidelines, BMJ 317 (1998), 427-8.

A new book is Sherwin, S., ed. (Feminist Health Care Ethics Research Network), The Politics of Women's Health. Exploring Agency and Autonomy (Temple University Press, 1998, ISBN 1-56639-633-6, 321pp.). It includes 10 papers and a number of references that are useful for the study of feminist ethics, and ethics of autonomy in general. A discussion of transsexual changes is, Dreger, AD. "Ambiguous sex or ambivalent medicine? Ethical issues in the treatment of intersexuality", HCR 28 (May 1998), 24-35; also pp. 36-9.

The 1997 report of the Danish Council of Ethics is, Conditions for Psychiatric Patients - A Report, 101pp., attached to their annual report. They discuss the Danish Psychiatry Act, and patient rights. The question of detention in mental health care is discussed in a UK House of Lords case in BME 139 (1998), 22-4; BMJ 317 (1998), 7, 94-5. On consent, JME 24 (1998), 182-7; Health & Social Work 23 (1998), 25-33. Ethics for nurses is discussed in Nursing Outlook 46 (1998), 130-5; Lancet 352 (1998), 249. Empathy is discussed in J. Medical Humanities 19 (1998), 51+; Ethics & International Affairs 12 (1998), 103-120.

A conference report from an IALES 1997 conference on human rights, bioethics and health is IDHL 49 (1998), 412-6. A paper on medical ethics education over medical school is JME 24 (1998), 110-7.

The proceedings of the fifth postgraduate course in bioethics at the University Santo Tomas in the Philippines is published as a collection of 24 papers in Gomez, FB. et al., eds., Conscience, Cooperation, Compassion (University Santo Tomas, Manila, 1998, ISBN 971-506-099-4, 218pp.). The last issue of Humane Health Care International 13 (4, 1997) was published as a 113pp. book, Sharing of Memories 1985-1997, as a celebration and farewell. A letter on Jehovah's witnesses and blood transfusions is Lancet 352 (1998), 824.

Two papers on global bioethics are Baker, R. "A theory of international bioethics: Multiculturalism, postmodernism, and the bankruptcy of fundamentalism", KIEJ 8 (1998), 201-32; Baler, R. "A theory of international bioethics: The negotiable and the non-negotiable", KIEJ 8 (1998), 233-74. Jagger AM, Young IM (eds): A Companion to Feminist Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1998. A book review of The New Dictionary of Medical Ethics is BMJ 317 (1998), 1162. On imperialism and research ethics, JME 24 (1998), 221-2.

An ethical analysis of non-medical interventions is Sheldon, S. & Wilkinson, S. "Female genital mutilation and cosmetic surgery: Regulating non-therapeutic body modification", Bioethics 12 (1998), 263-85. Also on plastic surgery, J. Law & Medicine 9 (1998), 334-47. Ethical issues of alternative medicine are discussed in NEJM 339 (1998), 855-6. A record suggesting 5200 year old acupuncture in Central Europe is Science 281 (1998), 242-3; and an example of probably cranial surgery 7100 years ago is Nature 391 (1998), 854.

A discussion of exclusion of risky subjects from research is KIEJ 8 (1998), 307-28; and on IRBs, KIEJ 8 (1998), 329-38; BME 140 (1998), 7-11. In general, Lemmens, T. & Singer PA. "Bioethics for clinicians: 17. Conflict of interest in research, education and patient care", CMAJ 159 (1998), 960-8. Informed consent is discussed in BMJ 317 (1998), 947-51. A UK case where parents could choose their child's treatment is BMJ 317 (1998), 1102. A letter from a physician who considers that they are often asked to assist other passengers in flight is NEJM 339 (1998), 928.

Physician trust is discussed in JAMA 280 (1998), 1102. Mental illness in prisoners raises more issues, BMJ 317 (1998), 1025-6; and on competency, BMJ 317 (1998), 809-10. On angels and spirits in mental illness, Lancet 352 (1998), 1218-9. Related see Weijer, C. et al. "Bioethics for clinicians: 16. Dealing with demands for inappropriate treatment", CMAJ 159 (1998), 829-31; Lancet 352 (1998), 1213-5. A book review on Tuskegee is Lancet 352 (1998), 1075. On medical advice for corporal punishment, BMJ 317 (1998), 939-41; sexual harassment, NatMed 4 (1998), 1199-200; JAMA 280 (1998), 851-3; BMJ 317 (1998), 1088; and human rights and the Taliban, Lancet 352 (1998), 734. A book review of Radium Girls: Women and Industrial Health Reform, 1910-35, is NEJM 339 (1998), 930. On theories of masculinity, BMJ 317 (1998), 1072-5.

The papers from a Medical Ethics Education Conference held 12 April, 1998 in Taiwan are in J. Medical Education 2 (1998), 113-228. They include papers in English by Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Darryl Macer, Kuei-Yun Lu et al., and a number of papers in Chinese. Revalidation for doctors in the UK is suggested in BMJ 317 (1998), 1094-5. The role of television drama (ER) in student education is discussed in JAMA 280 (1998), 854-5.

On informal consultation, JAMA 280 (1998), 900-4. The use of questionnaires to diagnosis in developing countries is reviewed in Lancet 352 (1998), 1164-5. Email is being used for communication between doctors and patients, Spielberg, AR. "On call and online. Sociohistorical, legal and ethical implications of E-mail for the patient-physician relationship", JAMA 280 (1998), 1353-9; also pp. 1333-5; and on medicine and Internet, JAMA 280 (1998), 1264-9, 1303+, 1347-52. Nurse telephone consultation was found to be quite successful in the UK, BMJ 317 (1998), 1054-9.

A conference report from an International Symposium on Bioethics and the Concept of Personhood, 11-12 May, 1998, held in Hong Kong is in Ethics & Society (Centre for Applied Ethics, Hong Kong Baptist University) 6 (no.2, 1998), 1-7. A paper on Chinese philosophy is Angle, SC. "Did someone say "rights"? Liu Shipei's concept of quanli", Philosophy East & West 48 (1998), 623-51.

A brief description of some German centres of medical ethics is in BME 142 (1998), 20-1; and on Brazilian centres, IAB News 8 (Autumn 1998), 8-11. A book review of Humber, JM. & Almeder, RF., eds. Alternative Medicine and Ethics (Totowa, NJ. Humana Press, 1998) is JAMA 280 (1998), 1633. On African traditional practices, IDHL 49 (1998), 559. A series of papers on Christine Korsgaard, Creating the Kingdom of Ends (Cambridge University Press 1996) is in Ethics 109 (1998), 1-66. A book review of Kent, Bonnie, Virtues of the Will: The Transformation of Ethics in the Late Thirteenth Century (Catholic Universities of America Press, 1995) is in J. History of Philosophy 36 (1998), 462-3.

Doctor-patient communication is discussed in Edwards, SJL. et al. "Informed consent for clinical trials: In search of the "best" method", SSM 47 (1998), 1825-40; Lancet 352 (1998), 1559-60; JAMA 280 (1998), 2039-42; BMJ 317 (1998), 1741. Doctor-patient working groups are also arising, BMJ 317 (1998), 1374-7. Payment also alters trust, Kao, AC et al. "The relationship between method of physician payment and patient trust", JAMA 280 (1998), 1708-14; pp. 1703-4. Letters on truth-telling are in Lancet 352 (1998), 1787-8; JAMA 280 (1998), 1403-4. Medical leaflets are also important for information, Lancet 352 (1998), 1724. A book review of Grisso, T. & Appelbaum, PS. Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment: A Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals (Oxford University Press, 1998, 211pp.) is NEJM 339 (1998), 1794-5. Theories of consent are discussed in BMJ 317 (1998), 1313-5. A UK general practitioner received 23,000 pounds for producing forged consent forms for clinical research and was struck off the medical register, BMJ 317 (1998), 1475. Computers can aid patient safety, Science 282 (1998), 2295.

Integrity is called for is Miller, FG. et al. "Professional integrity in clinical research", JAMA 280 (1998), 1449-54. A book review of Altman, LK. Who Goes First? The Story of Self-Experimentation in Medicine (Univ. California, Berkeley, 1998, 430pp.) is JAMA 280 (1998), 2043. Also on experimentation, BMJ 317 (1998), 1224-30, 1239-42. Placebo controls are discussed from a historical perspective in Bulletin History Medicine 72 (1998), 389-433. There should be consent obtained for videos and photographs, BMJ 317 (1998), 1522-3. Doctor contentment is discussed in NEJM 339 (1998), 1543-5; BMJ 317 (1998), 1670-1. Two book reviews of the 18th century Scottish doctor John Gregory, who promoted medical ethics, are NEJM 339 (1998), 1792.

Mental health is discussed in Lancet 352 (1998), 1641; BMJ 317 (1998), 1701-3. The US Bioethics Advisory Commission report on guidelines for research on persons with mental problems was revised and then released on 12 November, 1998; Science 282 (1998), 857, 1617. The report Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders that May Affect Decisionmaking Capacity is now available on the NBAC website at <http://www.bioethics.gov> and can be downloaded and printed. In a recent US research scandal, 29 out of 108 clinical experiments have been suspended and that an additional 50 research protocols failed to justify a scientific objective, Science 283 (1999), 464-5. This is an implicit admission by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) that: (1) its own Institutional Review Board approved scientifically unsound human experiments; (2) NIMH failed to protect disabled human subjects from clinical experiments which needlessly put them at risk of harm; (3) NIMH researchers have been violating ethical and scientific principles. (4) NIMH Administrators are now scrambling to "clean up our house" in an effort to forestall regulatory mandates.

On psychosurgery, JAMA 280 (1998), 1963; NEJM 339 (1998), 1719-20; and determining suitability for psychotherapy, Amer. J. Psychotherapy 52 (1998), 397-411; and attitudes to psychologists, Amer. J. Psychotherapy 52 (1998), 463-88. On ethics in general, BMJ 317 (1998), 1594-5, 1664, 1730-1; Lancet 352 (1998), 1719. Affirmative action is discussed in Columbia Law Review 98 (1998), 1577-1641; and ethnic identity in Political Geography 17 (1998), 939-58. On public space in urban communities, Progress in Human Geography 22 (1998), 479-96.

A Canadian report from a roundtable on the use of placebos in clinical research is NCEHR Communique 9 (Winter 1999), 6-8. Ethical issues in placebo-controlled trials on arthritis are discussed in Lancet 353 (1999), 400-3. Research on perinatal patients is discussed in Otago Bioethics Report 8 (March 1999), 57, 16; and on children, Peart, N. & Holdaway, D. "Legal and ethical issues of health research with children", Otago Bioethics Report 8 (March 1999), 8-12; Lancet 353 (1999), 685; NatMed 5 (1999), 7. A recent book is Weisstub DN, ed. Research on Human Subjects: Ethics, Law and Social Policy (Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd., 1998). Letters on consent and IRBs are in NEJM 340 (1999), 1114-5; Science 283 (1999), 1647-8. A proposal for international research and IRBs is JLME 27 (1999), 87-94. Ethical problems have delayed work at the Veterans Affairs hospital in Los Angeles, Nature 398 (1999), 448. Patient concerns about clinical trials in Japan are discussed in Lancet 353 (1999), 1019-20. Research ethics are also discussed in JAMA 281 (1999), 88-9; Science 283 (1999), 464-5; NatMed 5 (1999), 250-1.

A bibliography on empirical research on informed consent is HCR 29 (No. 1, Jan. 1999), Special Supplement, S1-42. UK GMC guidance on informed consent is in BME 145 (Feb. 1999), 4-6. In general, Kluge, E-H.W. "Informed consent in a different key: physicians' practice profiles and the patient's right to know", CMAJ 160 (1999), 1321-2; Marta J. "Whose Consent is it Anyway? A Poststructuralist Framing of the Person in Medical Decision-Making", Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 19 (1998), 353-70; NEJM 340 (1999), 804-7. Substituted consent is discussed in a series of papers in CQHE 8 (1999), 123-212; BMJ 318 (1999), 943. A survey of how much information is given after an unintended injury found patients expect more than doctors think they do, BMJ 318 (1999), 640-1. The amount and type of information may be a problem, BMJ 318 (1999), 318-22. A study suggests that patients quickly forget the risks associated with prophylactic procedures, Lancet 353 (1999), 645.

The question of paying inducements for joining research is debated in Bioethics 13 (1999), 114-30. The method of payment can alter patient trust, JAMA 281 (1999), 1173-4. Ethical guidelines for physician payment are discussed in NEJM 340 (1999), 321-3. The public has mixed views on why research is conducted, BME 146 (March 1999), 16-7. The UK GMC has issued guidance advising doctors to seek consent, BMJ 318 (1999), 553. A series of papers on the doctor-proxy relationship and surrogate decision-making is JLME 27 (1999), 1-86.

The proceedings of a retreat on ethical issues in social sciences is NCEHR Communique 9 (Winter 1999), 11-33; and on sociology and health care, Lancet 353 (1999), 486-9; NEJM 340 (1999), 396-7. The summary in English of an Italian Ethics Committee report on the ethics of electro-shock therapy is in IJB 9 (1999), 117-20. On the ethics of excessive medicalization, Bioethics 13 (1999), 89-113. On autonomy, NEJM 340 (1999), 821-2. On the importance of truth-telling, Social Research 65 (1998), 725-40. A book review of Malignant Sadness is NS (20 Feb. 1999), 44-5.

Problem-based learning is discussed in BMJ 318 (1999), 657-61; and the question of philosophy education for medical students in MJA 170 (1999), 125-7.

Ethics committees have also started to have a role as consensus shapers, BME 145 (Feb. 1999), 13-8. On the roles of ethics committees, Otago Bioethics Report 8 (March 1999), 1-2; MJA 170 (1990), 9-10, 26-8. The question of ethics experts are discussed in HCR 28 (No. 6, Nov. 1998), 6-19. Evidence and ethics is debated in Lancet 353 (1999), 829-31.

A paper on virtue in bioethics in Italian is Bioetica e Cultura 7 (No. 2, 1998), 165-78. A review of the good Samaritan principle is Kirschenbaum, A. "The bystander's duty to rescue in Jewish law", Assia 3 (No. 2, 1998), 52-64. A book review of Noam Zohar, Alternatives in Jewish Bioethics is Bioethics 13 (1999), 73-6. General papers include: Macer, D. "Bioethics: A challenge for policy-makers", The Critical Lawyer 1 (1999), 7-10; Donchin A, & Purdy L, eds. Embodying Bioethics: Recent Feminist Advances. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999; Guidotti, T. "Medical Bioethics: Jane Jacobs Speaks to Medicine", Annals RCPSC 31(1998), 397-400; Beauchamp, G. "General Surgeons and Clinical Ethics: A Survey", Can J of Surgery 41(1998), 451-454; Bloche, MG. "Clinical loyalties and the social purposes of medicine", JAMA 281 (1999), 268-74; JAMA 281 (1999), 849-50; Lancet 353 (1999), 1022-3; Philosophical Studies 93 (1999), 227-46; Public Law (1999), 104-28; EST 33 (1999), 105A; NS (10 April 1999), 49. On cross-cultural issues, Lancet 353 (1999), 910; Millennium: J. International Studies 27 (1998), 447-715.

A paper related to the idea Bioethics is Love of Life is Velleman, JD. "Love as a moral emotion", Ethics 109 (1999), 338-74. A study on individualism and collectivism in Israeli society found more religious persons were more group orientated, Human Relations 52 (1999), 327-48. On religion and medicine, Lancet 353 (1999), 664-7; SSM 48 (1999), 1291-9. A book review of The Power of Hope is Lancet 353 (1999), 1105; and on compassion, JAMA 281 (1999), 597-8, 1159-61, 1328-9. Patient satisfaction in Indonesia is surveyed in SSM 48 (1999), 989-96.

A report from the Russian National Ethics Committee is IJB 11 (March 2000), 71-4. A paper on the Australian situation is Dodds, S. "Human research ethics in Australia: Ethical regulation and public policy", Monash Bioethics Review 19 (2000), Ethics Committee Supplement (April) 4-21. A series of papers in French and English on bioethics committees is IJB 5 (1999), 9-90. A review is Emanuel, E., "What makes clinical research ethical?", JAMA 283 (2000), 2701-11. Information and papers on clinical trials in Japanese are in Clinical Evaluation 27 (2000), 441-644. An obituary to Benjamin Freedman is HCR (May 2000), 34-9. On the lack of informed consent at North Staffordshire Hospital (see also Fetal Environment section), BMJ 320 (2000), 1291. Also on clinical trials, Lancet 355 (2000), 2177; BMJ 320 (2000), 1491, 1509, 1548; SA (April 2000), 69-75; Science 288 (2000), 1315-6; JAMA 283 (2000), 2787-92. Mulitcentre research ethics committees are discussed in BMJ 320 (2000), 1157-8, 1179-82, 1182-3, 1217. Paying subjects is discussedJME 26 (2000), 126-30.

On bioethics in Croatia, Gosic, N. “Bioethics in Croatia”, Synthesis Philosophica 14 (2000), 183-200. Research bioethics in Uganda is reported in JLME 28 (2000), 165-73. On bioethics in Brazil, IAB News 12 (Winter 2000), 2-9. A Pakistani perspective is Moazam, F. “Families, patients, and physicians in medical decision making: A Pakistani Perspective”, HCR 30 (Nov. 2000), 28-36. A report from the Global Forum for bioethics in research is JLME 28 (2000), 174-5. Paternalism in Norway is surveyd, SSM 52 (2001), 239-48. A book review of Kalupahana, DJ., Ethics in Early Buddhism, is Philosophy East & West 50 (2000), 628-30. A new book is Holmes, R. III. Genes, Genesis, and God: Values and Their Origin in Natural and Human History (Cambridge University Press, 1999), Ethics< (Oct. 2000), 186-9. Religious freedom is discussed in California Law Review 88 (2000), 1709-42. Ivan Segota has written on two persons in bioethics: On Van R. Potter, Synthesis Philosophica 14 (2000), 169-82; and on Darryl Macer, Filozofska Istraazivanja< 20 (2000), 401-10.

The question of diversity of Jehovah witness acceptance of blood donation is discussed in JME 26 (2000), 375-80, 381-6. On informed consent J. Clinical Ethics 11 (2000), 3-13. Views of parents and neonatalogists on consent for clinical trials are discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 2026-7. Results of trials are often not clear, Lancet 356 (2000), 1757-9; BMJ 321 (2000), 1362-3. A book review of Wear, S. Informed Consent, is Ethics (Oct. 2000), 215-6. A book review of Tuskegee’s Truths is NEJM 343 (2000), 1581. A criticism of hospital ethics committees is BMJ 321 (2000), 1414.

Nursing codes are reviewed in Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 5-18. The question of inter-gender work relations between nurse and doctors are discussed in SSM 52 (2001), 189-202.; On clinical ethics consultations, J. Clinical Ethics 11 (2000), 31-38, 49-55. In general on medical ethics, BMJ 321 (2000), 1295, 1529-31, 1572-6; JAMA 284 (2000), 2526-8; SSM 52 (2001), 171-3, 175-7; Science 290 (2000), 2225. Strikes in South Korea continue over proposed reforms, Lancet 356 (2000), 1583. Doctor-patient relationship is discussed in JAMA 284 (2000), 2793-4. The question of the name, patient or client, is discussed in Lancet 356 (2000), 2111.

In India high school teachers will soon have a code of ethics, Hindustan Times (7 Feb. 2001). Teaching health care ethics to nursing students in the UK is discussed in Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 45-56. Teaching literature in medicine is recommended, Lancet 356 (2000), 1920-2, 2001-3. Discussion of bullying in schools and delusion is Brit. J. Social Psychology 39 (2000), 605-28. In general on education, SSM 52 (2001), 203-13. Current psychological de-briefing can do more harm than good, BMJ 321 (2000), 1032-3.

Includes 13 chapters on the theme of personhood with views from European and Asian philosophy, especially Confucianism.; After an initial 3 chapters on the Foundations of Personhood (R. Fan, JHC. Sun, M. Quante) , there are 4 chapters on Eastern perspectives (C.Hansen, E. Hui, S. Ohara, R. Qiu), 2 chapters on Christian perspectives (D. McCann, F. Graf), then 4 papers on personal identity in issues including gene therapy (R. Chadwick), human cloning (JKL. Chan), brain injury (DKS. Au), and animals (E. Telfer). The volume is a useful contribution to the debate on what is a person, and benefits from having a cross-cultural approach to these issues.; It is part of the Value Inquiry Book Series.

A new book is Pollard, Irina, Life, Love and Children: A Practical Introduction to Bioscience Ethics and Bioethics (Kluwer Academic 2002, ISBN 1-4020-7294-5, 268pp.) The Wellcome trust is funding research on ethically sound research in the developing world, BMJ 325 (2002), 986.

A discussion of informed consent for standard and experimental therapy is in AJLM 28 (2002), 361-408. Children's decision making is discussed in AJLM 28 (2002), 409-54. Public preferences for informed choice when faced with risks are discussed in Public Understanding of Science. 11 (2002), 363-72. A discussion of how to check whether ethics review is working is in BME 183 (Nov. 2002), 6-11. A series of papers, mostly from members of the IAB Board, on the empirical relevance of bioethics and international experience on ethics committees are in Notizie di Politeia 18 (No. 67, 2002), 3-200. A paper on Asia is Macer, DRJ. "Delays in implementing the lessons from empirical studies on bioethics to ethics committees in Asia", Notizie di Politeia 18 (No. 67, 2002), 25-39.  Also on ethics committees, BMJ 325 (2002), 1081; AJPH 92 (2002), 1079-83; NEJM 347 (2002), 1402-4.

A paper which describes how many patients are not advised that they could get the same treatments from other doctors without entering the clinical trial raises ethical issues, Lancet 361 (2003), 63-7. A UK court decision has confirmed that patients can refuse medical treatment, JME 28 (2002), 232-3.

A report from the Padua bioethics service is BME 183 (Nov. 2002), 13-5. A anthropological study of the stories of patients and doctors is HCR 32 (Nov. 2002), 14-22.

A discussion of the behaviour of persons with dementia is in HCR 32 (Nov. 2002), 23-8. Japan is considering renaming schizophrenia, Lancet 361 (2003), 181.

   A paper on China is Dšring, O. " Science and society: China's struggle for practical regulations in medical ethics",  Nature Reviews Genetics 4 (2003), 233-9.

The under-reporting of clinical trials is considered unethical in Pich, J. et al. "Role of a research ethics committee in follow-up and publication of results", Lancet 361 (2003), 1015-6, 978-9. UK clinical trial regulations are discussed in BME 185 (2003), 2-6, 7-9; 186 (2003), 3-4. Ethics guidelines in Australian NHMRC on research relating to Aboriginal persons research are reviewed in NZ Bioethics J. 4 (Feb. 2003), 14-30.

Informed consent during clinical emergencies of myocardial infarction was tested in Lancet 361 (2003), 918-22. Cross-cultural barriers to informed consent are discussed in Issues in Medical Ethics 11 (2003), 49-51. Ethics for international nursing research are discussed in Nursing Ethics 10 (2003), 122-37.  Papers on autonomy include J. Clinical Ethics 13 (2002), 57-62, 72-7. Paternalism is discussed in Bioethics 16 (2002), 231+. Over-medicalization of problems, or somatic fixation, is discussed in SSM 56 (2003), 1135-8.

Issues in developing countries are discussed in Bhardwaj, M. and Macer, DRJ. (2003) "Policy and ethical issues in applying medical biotechnology in developing countries", Medical Science Monitor 9: RA49-54. Book reviews of Roy Porter, Blood and Guts: A Short History of Medicine (W.W. Norton, 2003, 208pp.) are in Lancet 361 (2003), 975. Bioethics and Orthodox Greek tradition is discussed in Law and the Human Genome Review 17 (July 2002), 75-82.

A call for changing the term lethal disease to something less threatening is made in HCR 33 (March 2003), 37-41. A UK survey found patients prefer to have medical names than common names for diseases, BMJ 326 (2003), 1105. The reasonable limits of use of doctors time are discussed in BMJ 326 (2003), 1277. Papers on medical professionalism are in CQHE 12 (2003), 141-86.

The ethics of clinical research is discussed in HCR 33 (May 2003), 2-3, 19-28; BMJ 326 (2003), 1199-201. The statement of the Pontifical Academy for Life on "Ethics of biomedical research for a Christian Vision" is in Southeast Asian Center for Bioethics Bioethics Newsletter XV (March 2003), 1-4. An English translation of a recent French National Bioethics Committee report on doing phase 1 studies of cytotoxic drugs in cancer patients is BME 187 (2003), 20-1.

The decision making for children in research is discussed in Health Law Review 11 (No. 2, 2003), 20-9. Ethical issues in medical education are discussed in 10 papers in CQHE 12 (2003), 1-115.

The Final Communique from the 9th General Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life (PAV) on "Ethics of Biomedical Research for a Christian Vision" is in Southeast Asian Center for Bioethics (SEACB) Bioethics Newsletter 15 (March-April 2003), 1-4. Guidance on applying to a REC in the EU is given in BME 189 (June 2003), 10-11. A report from a clinical trial in Thailand is Issues in Medical Ethics 11 (July 2003), 89-90. Guidance from the European Group on Ethics on ethical aspects of biomedical research in developing countries is in BME 188 (May 2003), 9-11. A comparative survey of the ethical role responsibilities of Chinese, American and Japanese nurses is Nursing Ethics 10 (2003), 295-311. Professionalism is discussed in CQHE 12 (2003), 144-86.

Research risks can eventually become risks to research, Law and the Human Genome Review 17 (2002), 23-30; and on clinical trials, BMJ 326 (2003), 304, 1456-7; Lancet 361 (2003), 978-9, 1296-7; NEJM 348 (2003), 1377-80, 1383-6; JAMA 288 (2002), 2118-9; Science 298 (2002), 923. On a clinical trial of ventilators, Science 300 (2003), 122-3; 301 (2003), 149.  German guidelines on research ethics are in Law and the Human Genome Review 17 (2002), 57-74. Placebos are discussed in Science 299 (2003), 995; 302 (2003), 1659, 61; BMJ 325 (2002), 560, 1329-31; NEJM 347 (2002), 137-9. Discussion of bioethics committees is in Bioethics 17 (2003), 301-368; JAMA 290 (2003), 360-6; Lancet 361 (2003), 978, 1015-6. Case of an unethical Singapore clinical trial are disclosed in Lancet 361 (2003), 1277.

ObligatioNS of researchers to subjects for clinical care is discussed in HCR 34 (Jan. 2004), 25-33. Divergent standards for consent in research are reviewed in BME 194 (2004), 13-21. The information materials are also often difficult to read for participants, BME 192 (2004), 13-6. The guidelines of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences on research on prisoners are in BME 192 (2004), 7-11. A series of papers from a conference on Placebos: Ethics and Health Care Research are in Science and Engineering Ethics 10 (2004), 1-197. Papers on ethics committees include New Zealand Bioethics J. 4 (2003), 8-15.

The role of Japanese NGOs and the Hermit Crabs Home mental health project is Nursing Ethics 11 (2004), 203-4.

A discussion of human dignity is in CQHE 13 (2004), 7-14.

A common operational guideline for ethical review of translational research is in Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 31 (2004), 485-96.
A paper on teaching ethics to Mexican AmericaNS is in Formosan J. Medical Humanities 5 (2004), 3-13. Altruistic motives in nursing students and nurses are discussed in Nursing Ethics 11 (2004), 225-289. Papers on the history of philosophy in Portuguese are in Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 60 (2004), 3-214.

           Two volumes of conference proceedings on Turkish medical ethics and international issues in Turkish and English are Erdemir, A.D. et al., eds., Third National Congress of Medical Ethics Congress Proceedings Book (Bursa: F. Ozhan Matbaacilik, 2003; 1232pp.). A comment on global bioethics and European culture by Christian Byk is in BME 196 (2004), 24. Balancing traditional values with those of academic medicine is discussed in Croatian Medical J. 45 (2004), 259-63. On cross cultural medicine, NEJM 349 (2003), 1878; and bioethics, JAMA 291 (2004), 2131-2; and interdisciplinary innovation, JAMA 291 (2004), 1005-6. Ethics for national responsibility are discussed in Ethics 114 (2004), 215-300. Disclosure of details in policy decisions is discussed in  Science 304 (2004), 1447-9.

           Democracy and Confucian values are discussed in Philosophy East & West 53 (2003), 39-63. Spirituality and medicine is discussed in JAMA 290 (2003), 3008; NEJM 350 (2004), 1176-8. A discussion of who is our neighbour and moral distance is in The Monist 86 (2003), 327-515. Compassion is discussed in Lancet 362 (2003), 1682, 1944; 363 (2004), 1654; MJA 179 (2003), 569-70; Bo Mou, "A reexamination of the structure and content of Confucius' Version of the Golden Rule", Philosophy East & West 54 (2004), 218-48. Ethics in ICU is discussed in JAMA 290 (2003), 3191-2. Dignity is criticized in BMJ 327 (2003), 1419-20. Narrative and ethical reasoning in the clinic is discussed in SSM 58 (2004), 1635-45.

           A discussion and debate over use of 4 principles of medical ethics is in JME 29 (2003), 267-309. A report from the CMA ethicist and ombudsman is in CMAJ 169 (2003), 674-5. Patient satisfaction is discussed in NEJM 350 (2004), 69-75; BMJ 328 (2004), 54, 416-7; SSM 57 (2003), 2465-70. Professional-patient relationships are discussed in BMJ 327 (2003), 401, 1114; 328 (2004), 57, 864-7, 1227-9; JAMA 290 (2003), 2543-4; 291 (2004), 2359-66. A case of informed consent is seen in the 1845 Edgar Allen Poe story, The facts of the case of M. Valdemar, Lancet 362 (2003), 1504. On informed consent, BMJ 327 (2003), 1159-61; SSM 58 (2004), 2313-24. The tyranny of choice is discussed in SA (April 2004), 42-7. Cancer patients refusals of treatment is discussed in SSM 58 (2004), 2325-36; also pp. 379-90, 2445-57.

           Consent in clinical trials in the EU is under debate, Lancet 363 (2004), 785; BMJ 328 (2004), 140-1. India is relaxing rules on clinical trials, Lancet 363 (2004), 1528-9; NatMed. 10 (2004), 440. Statistics in clinical trials is discussed in Science 303 (2004), 784-6. Placebos are discussed in Science & Engineering Ethics 10 (2004), 23-8; SSM 58 (2004), 811-24. Ethics in medical research in developing countries is discussed in JME 30 (2004), 68-72; Science 302 (2003), 2056; NatMed. 10 (2004), 321; Nature 429 (2004), 491; and on vulnerable populations, Lancet 362 (2003), 1857-8; Science 303 (2004), 1142-3. A survey of public attitudes to the use of primacy care public patient record data in medical research without consent is JME 30 (2004), 104-9. It is impractical to gain informed consent in some research, as seen in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network, NEJM 350 (2004), 1414-21. Controversy over phase 3 trials of PolyHeme and lack of consent are in NatBio 22 (2004), 372; NS (24 April 2004), 20-1. Drug companies should publish results of all trials, NS (6 March 2004), 19. Also on ethics of clinical trials, BMJ 327 (2003), 1041-3, 1280-2; 328 (2004), 121-2; SSM 58 (2004), 1689-97; MJA 180 (2004), 63-6, 336-8; Science 304 (2004), 1009-1111.

           On discrimination against women in science and medicine, Science 303 (6 Feb. 2004). Language is a barrier for Chinese Americans seeking mental health, AJPH 94 (2004), 809-14. Research in medical psychiatry is discussed in Lancet 362 (2003), 1732. Decision models in Japanese psychiatry are reviewed in SSM 59 (2004), 83-91. Self-reports in research with non-English speakers may be a problem if the research is done in English, BMJ 327 (2003), 352-3. Use of socioeconomic evidence in clinical practice guidelines is discussed in BMJ 327 (2003), 1283-5. US doctors have requested payment for email communication with patients, BMJ 328 (2004), 1155.

A paper looking at Francisco de Vitoria and the pre-Hobbesian roots of natural rights theory is Alpha Omega VII (April 2004), 47-60. A study of why bioethicists seek for informed consent is in HCR 34 (May 2004), 28-34; and on surgical consent, Lancet 364 (2004), 659, 812-3. Research in children is discussed in JME 30 (2004), 176-81. The ethical issues of using child translators for medical decisions are discussed in HCR 34 (May 2004), 10-2. Ethics in different countries are discussed in CQHE 13 (2004), 215-282; Turkish J. Medical Ethics 12 (2004), 92-103. Informed consent in Egypt is discussed in Nursing Ethics 11 (2004), 394-9. Empirical studies on informed consent in China are in J. Clinical Ethics 15 (2004), 61-75; and on India, JME 30 (2004), 318-23. A book review of Crawford, SC. Hindu Bioethics for the Twenty-First Century (SUNY Series in Religious Studies, 226pp.) is JAMA 291 (2004), 2759-60. Medical ethics in Somalia is discussed in BMJ 329 (2004), 119. On a cosmist perspective in biomedicine, Calicut Medical J. 2 (2004), e7.

 Ethical dilemmas found in Turkey are reported in Nursing Ethics 11 (2004), 444-58; and from Hungary, BME 197 (April 2004), 13-7. On truth-telling, Nursing Ethics 11 (2004), 500-13. The UK mental capacity law revision is discussed in BME 199 (July 2004), 13-8. On parental refusal of consent, BME 197 (April 2004), 22-3. Virtue ethics is discussed in Ethics 114 (2004), 458-91. Compassion is discussed in SACB Bioethics Newsletter XVI (Sept. 2004), 1-3; and a book review of The Renewal of Generosity is JAMA 292 (2004), 981-2; BMJ 329 (2004), 355. On medical ethics, BMJ 329 (2004), 126. Clinical guideline development is discussed in Lancet 364 (2004), 392-3, 429-37; Bulletin WHO 82 (2004), 551. On the doctor-patient relationship, Sociology of Health & Illness 26 (2004), 135-58. On human health research ethics, Science 305 (2004), 949. Autonomy is discussed in Bioethics 18 (2004), 87-119.

Disparities in participation in cancer clinical trials are discussed in JAMA 292 (2004), 922-3. The benefits and risks of medical treatment are discussed in BMJ 329 (2004), 7-8, 457-9. A clinical trial database is being developed in Europe, NatMed. 10 (2004), 555; and on the ethics of why companies should deposit their trial data, NS (26 June 2004), 5; NatBio 22 (2004), 936. On the ethics of conjoined twins, JAMA 291 (2004), 2761-2. Intellectual disability is discussed in BMJ 329 (2004), 414-5; NS (10 July 2004), 38-41; Romeo-Casabona, CM. "Legal perspectives in novel psychiatric treatment and related research", Poiesis Prax 2 (2004), 315-28; and compulsory psychiatric treatment, BMJ 329 (2004), 136-8. Acute ethics consultation is discussed in MJA 181 (2004), 180-1, 204-6.